Kulturkampf

Kulturkampf adalah penindasan umat Katolik di Jerman pada akhir abad ke-19. Gerakan ini dilakukan oleh Otto von Bismarck yang takut pada pengaruh gereja Katolik Roma yang akan memecah belah kesatuan Kekaisaran Jerman. Para Yesuit diusir keluar Jerman dan sekolah-sekolah gereja dinegerikan. Ada beberapa uskup dan kardinal yang dipenjarakan, Gereja Katolik Roma kehilangan semua bantuan finansial dari pemerintah dan semua anggota serikat diusir dari Jerman. Tetapi ketika Bismarck ingin mengalahkan Partai Sosial Demokrasi ia justru meminta bantuan dari Gereja Katolik Roma, dan hal ini menyebabkan adanya perdamaian dengan Paus Leo XIII. Pada tahun 1887, peraturan yang melawan Gereja Katolik Roma dihapuskan, tetapi serikat Yesuit tetap diusir.

Antara Berlin dan Roma, Kladderadatsch, 1875

Bacaan lebih lanjut

• Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Windthorst: A Political Biography (1981), the leader of the Catholic Center Party
• Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Practicing democracy: Elections and political culture in Imperial Germany (Princeton University Press, 2000)
• Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett. Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 (Oxford UP, 2003).
• Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification (Harvard University Press; 2012) 368 pages; examines Catholics' promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871.
• Blackbourn, David. Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1993)
• Clark, Christopher and Wolfram Kaiser, eds. Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth Century Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Covers 10 countries; online review
• Gross, Michael B. The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany (2005)
• Hollyday, FBM (1970), Bismarck, Great Lives Observed, Prentice-Hall .
• Hope, Nicholas, "Prussian Protestantism," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 188–208
• Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 169–187
• Ross, Ronald J. The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887, (Washington, D.C., 1998)
• Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany." Journal of Modern History (1984): 456-482. in JSTOR
• Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf: Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarck’s Germany." in Richard Helmstadter, ed. Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (1997) pp: 172-195.
• Trzeciakowski, Lech. The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland (East European Monographs, 1990) 223 pp
• Weir, Todd. Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession, Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 1139867903, 9781139867900
• Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891" History (1992) 77#250 pp 237–54, the leader of the Catholic Center Party

Historiografi

• Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler," Catholic Historical Review (2013) 99#4 pp 623–648.
• Heilbronner, Oded. "From Ghetto to Ghetto: The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography" Journal of Modern History (2000) 72#2 pp. 453–495. in JSTOR

Pranala luar

•  "Kulturkampf". Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. , artikel mendetail oleh Martin Spahn, ditulis pada tahun 1910.
•  "Kulturkampf". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
• "Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf" deskripsi panjang
• Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English translation) a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf
• Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin
• Kulturkampf Now and Then esai sepanjang 13 halaman dalam bentuk pdf oleh seorang Profesor Akademi Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat
• Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873) pidato Ludwig Windthorst setelah analisisnya
• Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Pidato di House of Lords Prussian, 10 Maret 1873
• Kulturkampf: Bibliography by LitDok East-Central Europe Herder-Institut (Marburg)