Musik elektronik
Musik elektronik adalah musik yang menggunakan alat musik elektronik, instrumen digital, dan teknologi musik berbasis sirkuit. Secara umum, dapat dibedakan antara suara yang diproduksi menggunakan cara elektromekanis (musik elektroakustik), dan yang diproduksi hanya menggunakan elektronik.[1] Instrumen elektromekanis mengandung elemen mekanik, seperti dawai, palu, dan sebagainya, dan elemen elektrik, seperti pickup magnetik, power amplifier dan pengeras suara. Contoh perangkat penghasil suara elektromekanis termasuk telharmonium, organ Hammond, dan gitar listrik, yang biasanya dibuat cukup keras untuk didengar oleh pemain dan audiens dengan penguat instrumen dan kabinet speaker. Instrumen elektronik murni tidak memiliki dawai yang bergetar, palu, atau mekanisme penghasil suara lainnya. Perangkat seperti theremin, synthesizer, dan komputer dapat menghasilkan suara elektronik.[2]
Musik elektronik | |
---|---|
Sumber aliran | |
Sumber kebudayaan | Akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, Eropa dan Amerika Serikat |
Alat musik yang biasa digunakan | |
Bentuk turunan | |
Subgenre | |
Genre campuran (fusion) | |
Topik lainnya | |
Perangkat elektronik pertama untuk pertunjukan musik dikembangkan pada akhir abad ke-19, dan tak lama kemudian futuris Italia mengeksplorasi suara yang belum dianggap musikal. Selama tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, instrumen elektronik diperkenalkan dan komposisi pertama untuk instrumen elektronik dibuat. Pada tahun 1940-an, pita audio magnetik memungkinkan musisi untuk merekam suara dan kemudian memodifikasinya dengan mengubah kecepatan atau arah kaset, yang mengarah ke perkembangan musik pita elektroakustik pada 1940-an, di Mesir dan Prancis. Musique concrète, dibuat di Paris pada tahun 1948, didasarkan pada pengeditan bersama rekaman fragmen suara alam dan industri. Musik yang diproduksi hanya dari generator elektronik pertama kali diproduksi di Jerman pada tahun 1953. Musik elektronik juga dibuat di Jepang dan Amerika Serikat dimulai pada 1950-an. Perkembangan baru yang penting adalah munculnya komputer untuk menggubah musik. Komposisi algoritmik dengan komputer pertama kali didemonstrasikan pada 1950-an (walaupun komposisi algoritmik per se tanpa komputer telah dibuat jauh lebih awal, misalnya Musikalisches Würfelspiel dari Mozart).
Pada 1960-an, musik elektronik langsung dipelopori di Amerika dan Eropa, alat musik elektronik Jepang mulai mempengaruhi industri musik, dan musik dub Jamaika muncul sebagai bentuk musik elektronik populer. Pada awal 1970-an, synthesizer monofonik Minimoog dan mesin drum Jepang membantu mempopulerkan musik elektronik yang disintesis.
Pada tahun 1970-an, musik elektronik mulai memiliki pengaruh signifikan pada musik populer, dengan adopsi synthesizer polifonik, drum elektronik, mesin drum, dan turntable, melalui munculnya genre seperti disko, krautrock, gelombang baru, synth-pop, hip hop dan EDM. Pada 1980-an, musik elektronik menjadi lebih dominan dalam musik populer, dengan ketergantungan yang lebih besar pada synthesizer, dan adopsi mesin drum yang dapat diprogram seperti Roland TR-808 dan synthesizer bass seperti TB-303. Pada awal 1980-an, teknologi digital untuk synthesizer termasuk synthesizer digital seperti Yamaha DX7 dipopulerkan, dan sekelompok musisi dan pedagang musik mengembangkan Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI).
Musik yang diproduksi secara elektronik menjadi lazim di domain populer pada 1990-an, karena munculnya teknologi musik yang terjangkau.[3] Musik elektronik kontemporer mencakup banyak variasi dan mencakup musik seni eksperimental hingga bentuk populer seperti musik dansa elektronik. Saat ini, musik elektronik pop paling dikenal dalam bentuk 4/4 dan lebih terkait dengan budaya arus utama dibandingkan dengan bentuk sebelumnya yang dikhususkan untuk pasar khusus.[4]
Lihat juga
suntingCatatan kaki
sunting- ^ "The stuff of electronic music is electrically produced or modified sounds. ... two basic definitions will help put some of the historical discussion in its place: purely electronic music versus electroacoustic music" (Holmes 2002, hlm. 6).
- ^ Electroacoustic music may also use electronic effect units to change sounds from the natural world, such as the sound of waves on a beach or bird calls. All types of sounds can be used as source material for this music. Electroacoustic performers and composers use microphones, tape recorders and digital samplers to make live or recorded music. During live performances, natural sounds are modified in real time using electronic effects and audio consoles. The source of the sound can be anything from ambient noise (traffic, people talking) and nature sounds to live musicians playing conventional acoustic or electro-acoustic instruments (Holmes 2002, hlm. 8).
- ^ "Electronically produced music is part of the mainstream of popular culture. Musical concepts that were once considered radical—the use of environmental sounds, ambient music, turntable music, digital sampling, computer music, the electronic modification of acoustic sounds, and music made from fragments of speech-have now been subsumed by many kinds of popular music. Record store genres including new age, rap, hip-hop, electronica, techno, jazz, and popular song all rely heavily on production values and techniques that originated with classic electronic music" (Holmes 2002, hlm. 1). "By the 1990s, electronic music had penetrated every corner of musical life. It extended from ethereal sound-waves played by esoteric experimenters to the thumping syncopation that accompanies every pop record" (Lebrecht 1996, hlm. 106).
- ^ Neill, Ben. "Pleasure Beats: Rhythm and the Aesthetics of Current Electronic Music". Leonardo Music Journal. 12: 3–6. doi:10.1162/096112102762295052.
Referensi
sunting- Aitken, Stuart (10 May 2011), "Charanjit Singh on How He Invented Acid House … by Mistake", The Guardian, London (10 May)
- Anderson, Jason (2008), Slaves to the Rhythm: Kanye West Is the Latest to Pay Tribute to a Classic Drum Machine (28 November), CBC News website, diakses tanggal 5 June 2011
- Angus, Robert (1984), "History of Magnetic Recording, Part One", Audio Magazine (August): 27–33
- Ankeny, Jason, Yellow Magic Orchestra: Biography, Allmusic.com
- Ankeny, Jason (2010), Kraftwerk: Biography, Allmusic.com.
- Anonymous, Inventing the Wire Recorder, Recording History: The History of Recording Technology (www.recording-history.org), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 May 2013, diakses tanggal 5 June 2011.
- Anonymous, "Synthpop", Allmusic. (archive on 10 March 2011)
- Anonymous (1972), Liner notes to The Varese Album, Columbia Records, MG 31078
- Anonymous (1979), "Artists and Producers Strive for Inroads Overseas", Billboard (26 May): J–14, J–31
- Anonymous (2001), "Theremin", BBC h2g2 encyclopaedia project (2 April), diakses tanggal 20 May 2008. Guide ID: A520831 (Edited).
- Anonymous (2006), "1935 AEG Magnetophon Tape Recorder", Mix: Professional Audio and Music Production (mixonline.com), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 February 2013, diakses tanggal 5 June 2011
- Anonymous (2009), "23rd Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees & Winners", Winter Music Conference, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 February 2009
- Bassingthwaighte, Sarah Louise (2002), "Electroacoustic Music for the Flute", DMA dissertation, Seattle: University of Washington, diakses tanggal 29 Dec 2011
- Bayly, Richard (1982–83), "Ussachevsky on Varèse: An Interview April 24, 1979 at Goucher College", Perspectives of New Music, 21 (no. 1 (Fall–Winter 1982) and no. 2 (Spring–Summer 1983)): 145–51, doi:10.2307/832872
- Begault, Durand R (1994), 3-D Sound for Virtual Reality and Multimedia, Boston: Academic Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-12-084735-8. (Online reprint Diarsipkan 2012-08-10 di Wayback Machine., NASA Ames Research Center Technical Memorandum facsimile 2000.
- Blashill, Pat (2002), "Six Machines That Changed The Music World", Wired, 10 (5): [halaman dibutuhkan].
- Brick, Howard (2000), Age of Contradiction: American Thought and Culture in the 1960s, Ithaca: Cornell University Press., ISBN 0-8014-8700-5 (Originally published: New York: Twayne, 1998)
- Bush, John, "Tomita: Biography", billboard.com, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-11-14, diakses tanggal 5 June 2011
- Bush, John, Snowflakes Are Dancing: Electronic Performances of Debussy's Tone Paintings, Isao Tomita, Allmusic.com
- Bush, John (2009), Song Review: 'Blue Monday', Allmusic website
- Busoni, Ferruccio (1962), Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, translated by Dr. Th. Baker and originally published in 1911 by G. Schirmer. Reprinted in Three Classics in the Aesthetic of Music: Monsieur Croche the Dilettante Hater, by Claude Debussy; Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, by Ferruccio Busoni; Essays before a Sonata, by Charles E. Ives, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., hlm. 73–102
- Bussy, Pascal (2004), Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music (edisi ke-3rd), London: SAF, ISBN 0-946719-70-5
- Chadabe, Joel (1997), Electric Sound: The Past and Promise of Electronic Music, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall
- Chadabe, Joel (2004), "Electronic Music and Life", Organised Sound, 9 (1): 3–6, doi:10.1017/s1355771804000020
- Chowning, John (1973), "The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation", Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 21 (7): 526–34.
- Collins, Nick (2003), "Generative Music and Laptop Performance", Contemporary Music Review, 22 (4): 67–79, doi:10.1080/0749446032000156919.
- Crab, Simon (2005), The Hammond Novachord (1939), 120 Years of Electronic Music website, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 July 2011, diakses tanggal 5 June 2011
- Donhauser, Peter (2007), Elektrische Klangmaschinen, Vienna: Boehlau.
- Doornbusch, Paul (2005), The Music of CSIRAC, Australia's First Computer Music, with accompanying CD recording, Australia: Common Ground Publishers, ISBN 1-86335-569-3.
- Eimert, Herbert (1958), "What Is Electronic Music?", Die Reihe, 1 (English edition): 1–10.
- Eimert, Herbert (1972), "How Electronic Music Began", Musical Times, 113 (1550 (April)): 347–349, doi:10.2307/954658. (First published in German in Melos 39 (January–February 1972): 42–44.)
- Emmerson, Simon (1986), The Language of Electroacoustic Music, London: Macmillan.
- Emmerson, Simon, ed. (2000), Music, Electronic Media, and Culture, Aldershot (Hants.), Burlington (VT): Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-0109-9
- Emmerson, Simon (2007), Living Electronic Music, Aldershot (Hants.), Burlington (VT): Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-5546-6, (cloth) (pbk)
- Engel, Friedrich Karl (2006), Walter Weber's Technical Innovation at the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (PDF), Richardhess.com, diakses tanggal 18 June 2010
- Engel, Friedrich Karl; and Peter Hammar (2006), A Selected History of Magnetic Recording (PDF), further editing by Richard L. Hess, Richardhess.com, diakses tanggal 18 June 2010
- Fildes, Jonathan (2008), "'Oldest' Computer Music Unveiled", BBC News (17 June)
- Frankenstein, Alfred (1964), "Space-Sound Continuum in Total Darkness", San Francisco Chronicle (October 17) (Excerpt exist on History of Experimental Music in Northern California)
- Fujii, Koichi (2004), "Chronology of Early Electroacoustic Music in Japan: What Types of Source Materials Are Available?", Organised Sound, 9: 63–77, doi:10.1017/S1355771804000093
- Gard, Stephen (2004), Nasty Noises: 'Error' as a Compositional Element, Sydney Conservatorium of Music, Sydney eScholarship Repository
- Glinsky, Albert (2000), Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage, Music in American Life, foreword by Robert Moog., Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02582-2
- Gluck, Robert J (2005), "Fifty Years of Electronic Music in Israel", Organised Sound, 10 (2): 163–80, doi:10.1017/S1355771805000798.
- Griffiths, Paul (1995), Modern Music and After: Directions Since 1945, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-816578-1, (cloth) (pbk)
- Hammar, Peter (1999), "John T. Mullin: The Man Who Put Bing Crosby on Tape", Mix Online (1 October), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 31 January 2010, diakses tanggal 13 January 2010
- Harris, Craig, Tom Dissevelt: Biography, Allmusic.com
- Hertelendy, Paul (2008), Spatial Sound's Longest Running One-Man Show (Dec.7,2008), artssf.com, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 7, 2011, diakses tanggal March 3, 2011
- Holmes.[perlu rujukan lengkap] ?ISBN 978-0-07-141748-8; ?ISBN 9781408276747.
- Holmes, Thomas B (2002), Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition (edisi ke-Second), London: Routledge Music/Songbooks, ISBN 0-415-93643-8, (cloth) (pbk)
- Holmes, Thom (2008), Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture (edisi ke-third), London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-95781-8, (cloth); (pbk); ISBN 0-203-92959-4 (ebook).
- Holmes, Thom (2012). Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture (4th edition). New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-89646-7. (cloth); ISBN 978-0-415-89636-8 (pbk); ISBN 978-0-203-12842-8 (ebook).
- Johnson, Steven (2002), The New York Schools of Music and Visual Arts: John Cage, Morton Feldman, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-93694-2
- Krause, Manfred (2002), "AES Convention 112 (April)", The Legendary 'Magnetophon' of AEG, Audio Engineering Society E-Library., paper number 5605. Abstract.
- Kurtz, Michael (1992), Stockhausen: A Biography, translated by Richard Toop., London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-14323-7
- Jenkins, Mark (2007), Analog Synthesizers: Understanding, Performing, Buying: From the Legacy of Moog to Software Synthesis, Amsterdam: Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-240-52072-8.
- Lebrecht, Norman (1996), The Companion to 20th-Century Music, Da Capo Press., ISBN 0-306-80734-3, (pbk)
- Loubet, Emmanuelle (1997), translated by Brigitte Robindoré and Curtis Roads, "The Beginnings of Electronic Music in Japan, with a Focus on the NHK Studio: The 1950s and 1960s", Computer Music Journal, 21 (4): 11–22, doi:10.2307/3681132
- Loy, Gareth (1985), "About Audium—A Conversation with Stanley Shaff", Computer Music Journal, 9 (2 (Summer)): 41–48, doi:10.2307/3679656, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-24, diakses tanggal 2011-03-03.
- Luening, Otto (1964), "Some Random Remarks About Electronic Music", Journal of Music Theory, 8 (1 (Spring)): 89–98, doi:10.2307/842974.
- Luening, Otto (1968), "An Unfinished History of Electronic Music", Music Educators Journal, 55 (3 (November)): 42–49, 135–42, 145, doi:10.2307/3392376.
- Maginnis, Tom, The Man Who Dies Every Day: Ultravox: Song Review, Allmusic.com, Archived from the original on 2011-03-11 . ( at webcitation.org)
- Mattis, Olivia (2001), "Mathews, Max V(ernon)", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrell, London: Macmillan.
- Montanaro, Larisa Katherine (2004), "A Singer's Guide to Performing Works for Voice and Electronics" (PDF), DMA thesis, Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-09-11, diakses tanggal 2008-06-28.
- Morawska-Büngeler, Marietta (1988), Schwingende Elektronen: Eine Dokumentation über das Studio für Elektronische Musik des Westdeutschen Rundfunk in Köln 1951–1986, Cologne-Rodenkirchen: P. J. Tonger Musikverlag.
- Norman, Katharine (2004), Sounding Art: Eight Literary Excursions through Electronic Music, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, ISBN 0-7546-0426-8
- Orton, Richard; and Hugh Davies, "Ondes martenot", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online (Subscription access), diakses tanggal February 2, 2011.
- Ozab, David (2000), Beyond the Barline: One Down, Two to Go (May), ATPM (About This Particular Macintosh) website, diakses tanggal 13 January 2010
- Palombini, Carlos (1993). "Machine Songs V: Pierre Schaeffer: From Research into Noises to Experimental Music". Computer Music Journal 17, no. 3 (Autumn): 14–19. DOI:10.2307/3680939. JSTOR 3680939.
- Peyser, Joan (1995), The Music of My Time, White Plains, N.Y.: Pro/AM Music Resources Inc.; London: Kahn and Averill, ISBN 9780912483993
- Rappaport, Scott (2007), "Digital Arts and New Media Grad Students Collaborate Musically across Three Time Zones", UC Santa Cruz Currents Online (2 April).
- Reid, Gordon (2004), "The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978", Sound on Sound (November), diakses tanggal 19 June 2011
- Rhea, Tom (1980), "The RCA Synthesizer & Its Synthesists", Contemporary Keyboard, GPI Publications, 6 (10 (October)), hlm. 64ff, diakses tanggal 2011-06-05[perlu rujukan lengkap]
- Roads, Curtis (1996), The Computer Music Tutorial, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-18158-4, (cloth) (pbk)
- Roads, Curtis (2015), Composing Electronic Music: A New Aesthetic, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195373240
- Rosen, Jody (27 March 2008), "Researchers Play Tune Recorded before Edison", The New York Times.
- Russ, Martin (2009), Sound Synthesis and Sampling (edisi ke-third), Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier; Oxford and Burlington: Focal, ISBN 0-240-52105-6.
- Russcol, Herbert (1972), The Liberation of Sound: An Introduction to Electronic Music, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Russolo, Luigi (1913), "L'arte dei rumori: manifesto futurista", Manifesti del movimento futurista 14, Milano: Direzione del movimento futurista. English version as "The Art of Noise: Futurist Manifesto 1913", A Great Bear Pamphlet 18 (1967), translated by Robert Filliou, New York: Something Else Press. Second English version as "The Art of Noises", Monographs in Musicology no. 6 (1986), translated from the Italian with an introduction by Barclay Brown, New York: Pendragon Press, ISBN 0-918728-57-6.
- Schutterhoef, Arie van (2007), Sogitec 4X, Knorretje, een Nederlandse Wiki over muziek, geluid, soft- en hardware., diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 November 2013, diakses tanggal 13 January 2010
- Schwartz, Elliott (1975), Electronic Music, New York: Praeger.
- Smirnov, Andrey (2014), Russian Electroacoustic Music from the 1930s-2000s (PDF), diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-01-03, diakses tanggal 2019-08-24
- Snell, Karen Crocker (2006), "The Man Behind The Sound", Santa Clara Magazine, Santa Clara University (Summer), diakses tanggal 13 January 2010
- Snyder, Jeff, Pierre Schaeffer: Inventor of Musique Concrete, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-15.
- Sofer, Danny; and Doug Lynner (1977), "Pat Gleeson interview", Synapse: the Electronic Music Magazine, 1 (5 (January–February)): 21–24, 35.
- Stevenson, Joseph (2004), Tomita: Biography, Allmusic website
- Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1971), Texte zur Musik, 3, edited by Dieter Schnebel. DuMont Dokumente., Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, ISBN 3-7701-0493-5
- Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1978), Texte zur Musik, 1970–1977, 4, edited by Christoph von Blumröder . DuMont Dokumente., Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, ISBN 3-7701-1078-1
- Tal, Josef; and Shlomo Markel (2002), Musica Nova in the Third Millennium, Tel-Aviv: Israel Music Institute, ISBN 965-90565-0-8. Also published in German, as Musica Nova im dritten Millenium, Tel-Aviv: Israel Music Institute., ISBN 965-90565-0-8
- Toop, David (2016), Into the Maelstrom: Music, Improvisation and the Dream of Freedom, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 9781501314513
- Tyson, Jeff, How Movie Sound Works, Entertainment.howstuffworks.com, diakses tanggal 28 March 2010
- Ungeheuer, Elena (1992), Wie die elektronische Musik "erfunden" wurde...: Quellenstudie zu Werner Meyer-Epplers musikalischem Entwurf zwischen 1949 und 1953, Kölner Schriften zur neuen Musik 2., Mainz and New York: Schott, ISBN 3-7957-1891-0.
- Unterberger, R (2002), "Progressive rock", All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, eds, (edisi ke-3rd), Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-653-X.
- Verboven, Jos (2014), "The Music Sequencer: What Is It and What Can It Do?", Electronic Music of Brainvoyager, Brainvoyager, diakses tanggal 17 April 2016
- Vercoe, Barry (2000), "Forward", The Csound Book: Perspectives in Software Synthesis, Sound Design, Signal Processing, and Programming, edited by Richard Boulanger, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, hlm. xxvii–xxx, ISBN 0-262-52261-6, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-30, diakses tanggal 2019-08-24.
- Vine, Richard (15 June 2011), "Tadao Kikumoto Invents the Roland TB-303", The Guardian, London (14 June), diakses tanggal 23 December 2011
- Watson, Scott (2005), "A Return to Modernism", Music Education Technology Magazine (February), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-01-10.
- Weidenaar, Reynold (1995), Magic Music from the Telharmonium: The Story of the First Music Synthesizer, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0-8108-2692-5.
- Xenakis, Iannis (1992), Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition, Harmonologia Series, No 6 (edisi ke-revised, expanded), Stuyvesant, NY: Pendragon Press, ISBN 978-1576470794
- Yabsley, Alex (2007), Back to the 8 Bit: A Study of Electronic Music Counter-Culture (February 3), Gamemusic4all.com, diakses tanggal 5 June 2011
- Young, Rob (2007), "Once Upon a Time: In Cairo", The Wire, 277 (March 2007): 24, diakses tanggal 2011-12-30.
- Zimmer, Dave (2000), Crosby, Stills and Nash: The Authorized Biography, Photography by Henry Diltz, New York: Da Capo Press., ISBN 0-306-80974-5
- Zussman, John Unger (1982), "Jazzing It Up at the NCC: Hancock and Apple II Make Music Together", InfoWorld, 4 (26 (5 July)): 1, 5
Bacaan lebih lanjut
sunting- Blumröder, Christoph von (2017). Die elektroakustische Musik: Eine kompositorische Revolution und ihre Folgen. Signale aus Köln. Beiträge zur Musik der Zeit 22 (dalam bahasa Jerman). 22. Vienna: Verlag Der Apfel. ISBN 978-3-85450-422-1.
- Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001), Chris Woodstra; Stephen Thomas Erlewine; John Bush, ed., The All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music, AMG Allmusic Series, San Francisco: Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-628-9
- Best of Electronic Music Podcasts/Eurock Live
- A. Patterson Light & Sound by Mikhail Chekalin, itunes.apple.com Best of Electronic Music
- Cummins, James (2008), Ambrosia: About a Culture—An Investigation of Electronica Music and Party Culture, Toronto, ON: Clark-Nova Books, ISBN 978-0-9784892-1-2
- Dorschel, Andreas, Gerhard Eckel, and Deniz Peters (eds.) (2012). Bodily Expression in Electronic Music: Perspectives on Reclaiming Performativity. Routledge Research in Music 2. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-89080-9.
- Heifetz, Robin J., ed. (1989), On The Wires of Our Nerves: The Art of Electroacoustic Music, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, ISBN 0-8387-5155-5
- Kahn, Douglas (1999), Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-11243-4, New edition 2001,
- Kettlewell, Ben (2001), Electronic Music Pioneers, [N.p.]: Course Technology, Inc., ISBN 1-931140-17-0
- Licata, Thomas, ed. (2002), Electroacoustic Music: Analytical Perspectives, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-31420-9
- Macan, Edward L (1997), Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509887-0.
- Manning, Peter (2004), Electronic and Computer Music (edisi ke-Revised and expanded), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514484-8, (cloth) (pbk)
- Prendergast, Mark (2001), The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Trance: The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age, Forward [sic] by Brian Eno., New York: Bloomsbury, ISBN 9780747542131, (hardcover eds.) ISBN 1-58234-323-3 (paper).
- Reynolds, Simon (1998), Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture, London: Pan Macmillan, ISBN 0-330-35056-0 (US title: Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture, Boston: Little, Brown, 1998, ISBN 0-316-74111-6; New York: Routledge, 1999 ISBN 0-415-92373-5)
- Schaefer, John (1987), New Sounds: A Listener's Guide to New Music, New York: Harper Collins, ISBN 0-06-097081-2
- Shanken, Edward A. (2009), Art and Electronic Media, London: Phaidon, ISBN 978-0-7148-4782-5
- Shapiro, Peter, ed. (2000), Modulations: a History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound, New York: Caipirinha Productions, ISBN 1-891024-06-X
- Sicko, Dan (1999), Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk, New York: Billboard Books, ISBN 0-8230-8428-0
- Strange, Allen (1983), Electronic Music: Systems, Technics, and Controls, second ed. Dubuque, Iowa: W.C. Brown Co. ISBN 978-0-697-03602-5.
- Wells, Thomas (1981), The Technique of Electronic Music, New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-02-872830-8
Pranala luar
suntingSumber pustaka mengenai Musik elektronik |
- Media tentang Electronic music di Wikimedia Commons
- History of Electroacoustic Music – Timeline Diarsipkan 2010-06-26 di Wayback Machine.
- A chronology of computer and electronic music Diarsipkan 2017-02-28 di Wayback Machine.
- '120 Years of Electronic Music' History of electronic musical instruments 1880 to present day
- Electronic Music Foundation
- Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music Diarsipkan 2007-11-18 di Wayback Machine. Provides good examples of many of the genres in electronic music