Wikipedia

NATO 120x570mm


Amunisi tank NATO 120×570mm (4,7 inci), juga dikenal sebagai 120×570mmR, adalah kartrid meriam tank semi mudah terbakar standar NATO (STANAG 4385) yang umum digunakan oleh meriam smoothbore 120mm, menggantikan kartrid 105×617mmR yang sebelumnya digunakan. dalam senjata tank berstandar NATO.

Sejarah

sunting

Kartrid 120×570 R awalnya ditujukan untuk meriam smoothbore Rh-120 Jerman, tetapi perjanjian interoperabilitas ditandatangani antara Jerman Barat dan Prancis pada bulan April 1979, diikuti pada bulan September 1981 dengan proyek untuk memasang meriam smoothbore M256 120 mm pada M1A1 Abrams masa depan. tank menjadikannya standar NATO.[1][2][3]

Karakteristik

sunting

Amunisi 120x570mm adalah amunisi satu bagian dengan wadah kartrid semi-mudah terbakar. Ini menggabungkan kotak rintisan logam pendek dengan cincin penyegel elastomer yang memungkinkan penggunaan sungsang tipe baji geser normal dan pada saat yang sama secara signifikan mengurangi berat peluru. Dengan demikian, amunisi APFSDS Rheinmetall 120 mm memiliki massa 19,8 kg, yang sedikit lebih besar dari massa 18 kg amunisi APFSDS 105 mm pada umumnya dengan wadah kartrid logam tradisional.

Amunisi

sunting

Armour-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS)

sunting

Ada berbagai cara untuk mengukur nilai penetrasi APFSDS. NATO menggunakan 50% (Artinya 50% cangkang harus menembus pelat), sedangkan standar Soviet/Rusia lebih tinggi (80% harus menembus pelat).

Penamaan Asal Desainer & produser Tahun Panjang kartrid (mm) Panjang sub-proyektil (mm) Dimensi penetrator (⌀ mm × mm) Rasio L/D (khusus sub-proyektil / penetrator) Bahan & berat penetrator (kg) Berat subproyektil dengan sabot / tanpa sabot (kg) Berat, putaran lengkap (kg) Jenis & berat propelan Tekanan ruang (MPa) Kecepatan moncong (m/s) Penurunan kecepatan (m/s pada m) Perforasi pada kejadian normal dan miring Catatan
DM13   Germany Rheinmetall 1979 888 mm 457.7 mm ⌀ 38-26 × 315 mm 8:1 Tungsten alloy 7.22 kg / 4.64 kg 18.7 kg 7.3 kg 510 MPa 1650 m/s[4] (L/44) 75 m/s (at 1000 m) NATO Single heavy target at 68° at 2000 m
OFL 120 G1   France GIAT 1981 977 mm 541.5 mm ⌀ 26 mm × 380 mm 15:1 18 density DENAL DX 130 R tungsten alloy[5] 6.2 kg / 3.78 kg 18.75 kg[6] 7.45 kg of B19T 416 MPa 1630 m/s (1981)
1650 m/s (upgraded, 1987)
1780 m/s[i] (all L/52) 		60 m/s (at 1000 m) 420 mm at 1000 m,[7] defeat the NATO Single heavy target at 8000 m and the Triple heavy target at 7000 m or 8400 m Use the same penetrator as the OFL 105 F1 105 mm APFSDS in a larger sabot. Upgraded with Israeli-style steel fins instead of aluminium in 1987.[8]
DM23   Germany Rheinmetall 1982[9] 884 mm 457.7 mm ⌀ 32 × 360 mm 12:1 Tungsten alloy 7.2 kg / 4.3 kg or 4.6 kg 7.3 kg[9] 1640 m/s[10] or 1650 m/s[4] (L/44) 56 m/s (at 1000 m)

111 m/s (at 1000 m)

420 mm at 2000 m Produced under licence by Switzerland as Pfeil Pat 87
M829   USA Alliant Techsystems 1984 935 mm[11] 616 mm[12] ⌀ 27 × 460 mm 23:1 / 17:1 Depleted Uranium alloy, 3.94 kg[13] 7.1 kg[14] / 4.27 kg 18.7 kg[11] 8.1 kg of JA-2 (double-base) 509 MPa 1670 m/s[15] (L/44) 62 m/s (at 1000 m)

123 m/s (at 2000 m)

525 mm[16] to 540 mm at 2000 m (LoS 60°)[17] First service APFSDS ammunition used for the M256 gun on the M1A1 Abrams. Actual average diameter is around 24.2 mm, 27 mm is the max diameter of the buttress threads.
DM33   Germany Rheinmetall 1987 ⌀ 28[18] × 510 mm 20:1 / 19:1[18] Tungsten alloy 7.3 kg / 4.6 kg[19] 19 kg[19] 7.6 kg of 7-hole grain-type 515 MPa[20] 1650 m/s[4] (L/44) 75 m/s (at 1000 m)[18]
120 m/s (at 2000 m) 		480 mm at 2000 m Produced under licence by Japan as JM33 and by Switzerland as Pfeil Pat 90
M829A1   USA Alliant Techsystems 1988 984 mm[21] 778 mm ⌀ 21.6 × 680[22] mm 35:1 / 31:1 Depleted Uranium alloy, 4.64 kg[13] 8.165 kg / 4.88 kg 20.9 kg[21] 7.9 kg of JA-2 (double-base) 560 MPa (5.600 bar)[23] or 569 MPa (5.690 bar) 1575 m/s[23] (L/44) 69 m/s (at 1000 m)

135 m/s (at 2000 m)

650 mm[16] at 2000 m (LoS at 60°) Nicknamed the "silver bullet" by US tank crews in Operation Desert Storm.
KE-T   USA Alliant Techsystems 1988 983 mm[24] 658 mm Tungsten alloy 7.16 kg / 4 kg 18.7 kg[24] 8.1 kg of JA-2 (double-base) 510 MPa[23] 1690 m/s[24] Developed by Alliant Techsystems, NWM de Kruithoorn of the Netherlands for the penetrator and Chamberlain Manufacturing Company of the USA who provided the sabots, fins and projectile assembly facility.
M321   Israel Elbit Systems 1989 Tungsten alloy approx. 8 kg of M26 (double-base)[25] 1650 m/s (L/44)[butuh rujukan] M321 Penetrator was later used inside 105mm Sabot and M426 was then introduced in 1990.
M1080   Belgium MECAR early 1990s 995 mm 625 mm Tungsten alloy 7.2 kg / 25 kg[26] approx 8 kg 1675 m/s[26] >540 mm of RHA at 0°[27] Features an advanced-design tungsten penetrator. In 1995, the firm began development of an enhanced version of the M1080 which became available in 1999.[28]
M322   Israel Elbit Systems 1990s 984 mm[29] Tungsten alloy 8 kg / 5.6 kg[30] 20 kg[29] 8 kg of NC-NG (double-base)[29] 1705 m/s[29] (L/44) 130 m/s (at 2000 m) 658 mm at 70° at 2000 m[31] Produced under licence by Turkey as MOD 290.[31]
Also known as CL-3143 (Italy) and Slpprj 95[32] (Sweden) on the export market.
DM43A1   France and   Germany Giat Industries and Rheinmetall 1992 or 1996 978 mm ⌀ 26 × 600 mm 27:1 Tungsten alloy 7.2 kg / 4 kg 19.5 kg or 20 kg 7.6 kg of L1 M (double-base) 550 MPa or 560 MPa[33] 1740 m/s[4] (L/44) 100 m/s (at 2000 m) 560 mm at 2000 m[34] French-German development, never adopted by the Bundeswehr and used in the French Army under the OFL 120 F1 designation.
OFL 120 F1   France and   Germany Giat Industries and Rheinmetall 1992 or 1994 984 mm ⌀ 26 × 600 mm 27:1 Tungsten alloy 7.3 kg / 4 kg 19.6 kg 8.3 kg 580 MPa 1790 m/s[35] (L/52) 100 m/s (at 2000 m) 560 mm at 2000 m[36] Feature the same penetrator as the DM43 but use a French propellant, later redesignated as 120 OFLE F1A. Late production, upgraded models are known under the 120 OFLE F1B and 120 OFLE F1B+ designations.
M829A2   USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 1994 780 mm ⌀ 21.6 × 695 mm 35:1 / 32:1 Depleted Uranium alloy, 4.74 kg 7.9 kg[37] / 4.92 kg 8.7 kg of JA-2 (double-base) 565 MPa[37] or 580 MPa 1680 m/s[37] (L/44) 60 m/s (at 1000 m)
120 m/s (at 2000 m) 		Improvements over M829A1 include a stepped tip and use of a new lightweight composite Sabot, which allowed for increased muzzle velocity.
KE-W Terminator   USA Olin Defense System Groups (Primex Technologies)
General Dynamics Ordnanceand Tactical System (later) 		1996 980 mm[38] 778 mm[39] ⌀ 21.6 × 680 mm 35:1 / 31:1 C2 Tungsten alloy

4.32 kg or 4.37 kg

8.2 kg[39] / 4.6 kg 20.5 kg[38] 7.91 kg of JA-2 (double-base)[39] 496.6 MPa[39] 1585 m/s[39] (L/44) 60 m/s (at 1000 m) in excess of 600 mm[40] US Export version of M829A1, features a Tungsten alloy penetrator instead of depleted uranium.
K276   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 1996[41] 973 mm[42] 703.6 mm[43] 600 mm[42] 25:1 Tungsten alloy 7.35 kg[43] / 19.7 kg[42] K683 (triple-base)[42] 586 MPa[44] 1700 m/s[43] (L/44) >600 mm (LoS at 60° obliquity) at 2000 m[45][46] or 650 mm at 2000 m[47] Penetrators are manufactured by Cyclic Heat-Treatment and Double-Cycle Sintering process. This causes a phenomenon similar to the self-sharpening effect of the depleted uranium penetrator.[48][49]
OFL 120 F2   France Giat Industries 1996[50] 984 mm ⌀ 27 × 594 mm 22:1 (penetrator) Depleted Uranium alloy 7.78 kg / 4.5 kg 20.5 kg 8.1 kg 560 MPa 1740 m/s[50] (L/52) 640 mm at 2000 m[51] Has superior penetration performance compared to the OFL 120 F1.[52] 60 000 rounds were made from 1996 to 2000.[53]
12 cm Pz Kann Pfeil Pat 98 Lsp   Germany/  Switzerland Rheinmetall DeTec/RUAG Ammotec 1999 745 mm 26:1 WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy 19 kg 8.9 kg of L1 545 MPa[23] 1640 m/s (L/44) First iteration of the DM53 purchased by the Swiss Army. Fitted with a tracer.
DM53   Germany Rheinmetall 2001 745 mm ⌀ 26 × 685 mm[54][sumber tepercaya?] 26:1 WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy 8.35 kg[23] / 5 kg 21.4 kg 8.9 kg of L1 (DM53)
8.45 kg of L15190 SCDB (DM53A1)[23] 		545 MPa[23] 1670 m/s (L/44)[4]
1720 m/s (L/55)[55] 		55 m/s (at 1000 m)
110 m/s (at 2000 m) 		Development in Germany continued after the Swiss purchase, the German DM53 round includes a minor geometric modification and the replacement of the tracer element with an incendiary cartridge to add behind-armour effect. The DM53A1 version differs from the DM53 by its SCDB propellant firstly introduced with the DM63.
KE-W A1   USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 1999 or 2000 Tungsten alloy / 4 kg 8.4 kg of L1/M2400 (double-base) 580 MPa[23] 1740 m/s[23] (L/44) 100 m/s (at 2000 m) US export variant of the French-German DM43
M338   Israel Elbit Systems 984 mm Tungsten alloy 21 kg 8 kg of LOVA (double-base) 1680 m/s[29] (L/44) 3rd generation Israeli APFSDS
M829A3   USA Alliant Techsystems (ATK), Armtech Defense, Aerojet GenCorp and Northrop Grumman 2003 924 mm[56] Main Rod

⌀ 25 x 670 mm

Tip Section

⌀25 x 100 mm[57]

37:1 / 31:1 Depleted Uranium alloy Main Rod with Tungsten Alloy Tip Section[58] 10 kg[56] / 7.2 kg 8.1 kg[59] or 8.15 kg[56] of RPD-380 sticks 566 MPa 1555 m/s[56][59] (L/44) Features an improved penetrator using a special tip assembly to overcome newer types of heavy ERA.
KEW-A2   USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 2003 780 mm ⌀ 21.6 × 695 mm 35:1 / 32:1 Tungsten-nickel-iron alloy 7.6 kg[37] 8.6 kg of JA-2 (double-base)[23] 580 MPa[23] 1700 m/s[23] (L/44) 660 mm at 2000 m Export version of the M829A2 round, it features a tungsten penetrator
DM63   Germany Rheinmetall 2005[60] 745 mm 26:1 WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy 8.35 kg[23] / 5 kg 21.4 kg 8.45 kg of L15190 SCDB[23] 545 MPa[23] 1650 m/s (L/44)
1720 m/s (L/55)[4] 		55 m/s (at 1000 m)
110 m/s (at 2000 m) 		Based on the DM53, it features a Temperature Independent Propulsion System (TIPS) utilizing the SCDB technology. Those modifications improve the accuracy through a wide operational temperatures ensuring safe operation extreme climate zones, and minimizing the erosion of the barrel. The DM63A1 is a 2014 version of the DM63 designed to be compatible with all 120 mm smoothbore guns without modifications.
K279   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2008 998 mm[42] 761.6 mm[43] 27:1 Tungsten alloy 8.27 kg[43] / 5 kg 21.3 kg[42] 8.6 kg of L15190 (SCDB)[61][62] 1760 m/s[43] (L/55) 120 m/s (at 2000 m) >700 mm (LoS at 60° obliquity) at 2000 m[45][46] The penetrator is manufactured of a composite material consisting of tungsten, nickel, iron, and molybdenum.[48]
Type 10   Japan DAIKIN, CHUGOKU-KAYAKU 2010 ⌀ 24 mm × 630 mm 26:1 Tungsten alloy 7.8 kg / 4.2 kg 1780 m/s (L/44)[butuh rujukan] A Japanese APFSDS round only dedicated to Type 10 MBT. Although this is a NATO-standard round, it can only be used with the Type 10 Cannon due to the increased load and resulting increased pressure when fired.[63]
120 OFLE F2   France Nexter 2013 Depleted uranium alloy Qualified in 2009, 3000 rounds ordered in 2010, 500 were to be delivered in 2013.[64]
KET   USA Orbital ATK before 2015 Tungsten alloy 9.67 kg 8.1 kg of RPD-380 or SCDB 1562 m/s[65] Not to be confused with the older KE-T from Alliant Techsystems, the KET features a lightweight composite sabot, consistent performance across full temperature range and improved defeat capability against heavy explosive reactive armor.
Pz-531   Poland WITU 2015 Tungsten alloy 6.6 kg / 8.2 kg 490 MPa 1650 m/s[66] (L/44) ≥500 mm at 2000 m[67] Features a segmented penetrator made of two rods.
K279 Improved   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2016 998 mm[42] 761.6 mm[43] 27:1 Tungsten alloy 8.27 kg[43] / 5 kg 21.3 kg[42] 8.6 kg of 19-hole cylinder-type (SCDB)[68] 690 MPa[68] 1800 m/s[ii][68] (L/55) 122 m/s (at 2000 m) Produced with a new SCDB propellant based on Solventless powder coated with polyester developed by Poongsan Corporation.[69][70][71]
M829A4   USA General Dynamics Ordnance & Tactical Systems and Alliant Techsystems 2016 depleted uranium alloy SCDB granules, 19-perforated stick of DEGN 1650 m/s[72] (L/44) The M829A4 subprojectile has comparable characteristics to its predecessor, the M829A3, in length, weight, and center of

gravity.[73] The visible difference between the two cartridges is the Ammunition Data Link (ADL) interface rings on the base of the M829A4.

AKE-T   USA 2021 Main Rod

⌀ 25 x 670 mm

Tip Section

⌀25 x >100 mm[57]

Tungsten alloy Main rod with a Steel Tip Section Consist of the in-service M829A4 and the new Advanced Kinetic Energy - Tungsten round replacing the A4's depleted uranium penetrator[74]
SHARD Mk. 1   France Nexter Munitions late 2022[75] 984 mm Plansee D10 tungsten alloy and another tungsten alloy 22 kg EURENCO low-erosion double base propellant 520 MPa 1720 m/s[76] (L/52) SHARD stands for Solution for Hardenered ARmour Defeat. It is said to have 20% performance increase over current APFSDS ammunition.
SHARD Mk. 2   France Nexter Munitions Plansee D10 tungsten alloy and another tungsten alloy >520 MPa >1720 m/s (L/52) The SHARD Mk. 2 will use a more energetic propellant than the double-base propellant featured on the Mk. 1.[77]
DM73   Germany Rheinmetall late 2023 760 mm ⌀ 26 × 685 mm[54][sumber tepercaya?] 26:1 WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy 8.35 kg / 5 kg 21 kg SCDB 1780 m/s (L/55)[78] 55 m/s (at 1000 m)
110 m/s (at 2000 m) 		The DM73 reuse the same penetrator of the DM53 but achieves an 8%[79] uplift in performance regarding the combat range[80] through the use of a more powerful propellant. The DM73 requires the high-pressure L55A1 gun and cannot be used in either L44 and L55 gun systems.
KE2020Neo   Germany Rheinmetall serial production foreseen for 2025 tungsten alloy The KE2020Neo forecasted increase in performances should reach 20% compared to current APFSDS ammunition thanks to the use of a lighter sabot and a more energetic propellant, the latter is allowed by the raised chamber pressures of the improved Rh-120 L55A1 gun.[81]

High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT)

sunting
Penamaan Asal Desainer & produser Tahun Panjang kartrid (mm) Berat, putaran lengkap (kg) Berat proyektil (kg) Pengisian bahan peledak (kg) Jenis & berat propelan Kecepatan moncong (m/s) Perforasi pada kejadian normal dan miring Catatan
DM12 MZ   Germany 23.2 kg 13.5 kg 1.62 kg 1140 m/s
DM12A1 MZ   Germany Rheinmetall DeTec 23.2 kg 14.1 kg 1.627.2 kg 5.57.2 kg 1140 m/s 480 mm or 220 mm at 60° at all ranges[82] DM12 fitted with a fragmentation sleeve. Produced under licence by the US as M830 with exception of the fuze and the explosive
Produced under licence by Japan as JM12A1
OCC 120 G1   France Nexter Munitions 1981 28.5 kg 14.2 kg 5.7 kg of B19T 1050 or 1080 m/s Defeat the Triple heavy NATO target significant anti-personnel effects
OECC 120 F1   France Nexter Munitions early 1990s 983 mm 24.3 kg 14.4 kg Comp-B Single-base 1100 m/s 450 mm[51] Defeat the Single heavy and Triple heavy NATO targets[83] improved anti-personnel effects over the OCC 120 G1
M830 HEAT-MP-T   USA General Dynamics 1985 981 mm 24.2 kg 13.5 kg 1.662 kg of Comp-B 5.4 or 5.5 kg of DIGL-RP (Double-base) 1140 m/s technology transfer from the German DM12A1 except for the M764 fuze, double safety, and propellant containment bag[84]
M830A1 HEAT-MP-T (a.k.a. MPAT)   USA Alliant Techsystems (ATK) 1994 981 mm 24.68 kg 11.4 kg Comp-B 7.1 kg of 19 Perf JA-2 (double-base) 1410 m/s 20% performance increase against bunkers and a 30% performance increase against light armored vehicles.[85] 80 mm sub-caliber warhead fitted with a multifunction fuzing system with airburst capability[85]
K277 HEAT-MP-T   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 1996 989 mm 24.5 kg 14.31 kg Comp-B K682 (Triple-base) 1130 m/s (L/44) 600 mm[47] 1st generation South Korean HEAT-MP-T developed for K1A1
K280 HEAT-MP-T   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2008 998 mm 23 kg 11.38 kg 2.1 kg of Comp-B K684 (Double-base) 1400 m/s (L/55) 700 mm[86] It is a 2nd generation South Korean HEAT-MP-T developed for K2 Black Panther and has a built-in direction finding proximity fuze sensor used in the K236 40 mm MMFA (Multi-mode Fused Ammunition).[86]
M325 HEAT-MP-T   Israel Elbit Systems late 1980s 984 mm 25 kg 15 kg 1.8 kg of Comp-B 5.6 kg of M26 (double-base) or M30 (triple-base) 1078 m/s (L/44) Also known under the CL 3105 export designation.
MOD 292 HEAT-MP-T   Turkey MKE 933.5 mm 22 kg (L/44)
22.2 kg (L/55) 		NC-NG (Double-base) Modified based on MOD 290 (M322) APFSDS-T.
MOD 310 HEAT-MP-T   Turkey MKE 2018 984 mm 25 kg 1.76 kg of RDX CEP-2 (Double-base) 925 m/s 400 mm[87] Modified based on M325 HEAT-MP-T but fitted with a new multi-function fuze.

High Explosive (HE)

sunting
Penamaan Asal Desainer & produser Tahun Panjang kartrid (mm) Berat, putaran lengkap (kg) Berat proyektil (kg) Jenis & berat propelan Kecepatan moncong Pengisian bahan peledak (kg) Fuzing Efek Catatan
M908 HE-OR-T   USA General Dynamics-OTS 2003 983 mm 22.7 kg 11.4 kg 7.1 kg 19 Perf Hex JA-2 (Double-base) 1400 m/s 3.2 kg[88] Composition A3 Type II[89] Base detonating, delay fuze did as well as, if not better than, the 15.8 kg 165 mm HEP warhead at reducing obstacles[90] Converted M830A1 HEAT-MP-T with a steel nosecone and a delay fuze, used to destroy concrete obstacles.
IM HE-T   Norway Nammo 26.7 kg 15.9 kg 1030 m/s Dual-mode: Superquick and delay[91] Produced under license by GD-OTS Canada[92]
OE 120 F1   France Nexter 2005 25.5 kg 15.5 kg 1050 m/s PD fuze
DM11 HE temp   Germany Rheinmetall 2009 29 kg 19 kg 5.5 kg 950 m/s (L/44) or 1100 m/s (L/55) 2.17 kg HE with 600 tungsten balls[93] 3 modes: PD, PDwD and AB 80 m cone-shaped fragmentation pattern In service with the US Marine Corps under the Mk. 324 designation[94]
120 EXPL F1   France Nexter 2011 27 kg 16.8 kg 1000 m/s 3 kg HE-frag programmable
M339 HE-MP-T   Israel Elbit Systems 984 mm 27 kg 17 kg 4.5 kg of NC-NG (Double-base) 900 m/s 2.3 kg of CLX663 3 modes: PDD, PD and AB capable of penetrating 200 mm double reinforced concrete walls[95]
RH31 HE SQ   Germany Rheinmetall 2012 impact function with or without delay low-cost variant of the DM11, the cartridge can be fired with no need for modifying existing systems.[96]
Pz-511   Poland 2015 28.65 kg[97] 19 kg 5.7 kg 950 m/s 2.3 kg of TNT
120 mm HE M3M   France Nexter 2016 945 mm 28 kg 18 kg 1050 m/s LOVA (Double-base) 3 modes: SQ, AB and delay[98]
MOD 300 HE-T   Turkey MKE 2018 984 mm 27.5 kg CEP-2 (Double-base) 870 m/s (L/44) 4.24 kg of TNT MOD 305 Modified based on M339 HE-MP-T.
SLSGR 95 [30]   Sweden 1995 977 mm 25 kg 17.5 kg 3.4 kg M-30 736 m/s 2.7 kg

Composition B

ÖFHKSAR M/95 Rebuilt 120mm mortar round
M1147 AMP   USA Northrop Grumman still in development high explosive with embedded tungsten fragments

Close Combat

sunting
Penamaan Jenis Asal Desainer & produser Tahun Tahun Berat, putaran lengkap (kg) Berat proyektil (kg) Jenis & berat propelan Kecepatan moncong Isian Fuzing Efek Catatan
M1028 canister   USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 22.9 kg 15.9 kg 1410 m/s 1100 tungsten balls no 500 m effective range Produced under license by Nexter as OEFC 120 F1 and Nammo as 120 mm IM Canister.
M337 STUN less-than-lethal ammunition   Israel Elbit Systems 13.5 kg 3.5 kg 6 kg of M30 (Triple-base) plastic flakes no creates a flash, bang and blast effect and also disperses plastic flakes in the vicinity of the tank[95]

Guided munition

sunting
Penamaan Jenis Panduan Asal Desainer & produser Tahun Berat, putaran lengkap (kg) Berat (kg) Hulu ledak Kecepatan moncong Kecepatan pelayaran Jangkauan maksimum Efek Catatan
LAHAT GLATGM semi-active laser-guided   Israel IAI 1992-1999 16 kg 13 kg tandem HEAT 300 m/s 280 m/s 6000 m (8000 m in indirect fire) not in service
XM943 STAFF beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition inertial + millimeter wave radar   USA Alliant Techsystems 1990-1998 downward-firing EFP program was terminated in FY 98 with final close-out in FY00
POLYNEGE beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition Fire-and-forget   France Nexter Systems early 2000s 28 kg 20 kg hollow charge / downward-firing EFP 600 to 700 m/s up to 8000 m not in service
KSTAM-I beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition Terminal guidance   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2004 tandem HEAT 750 m/s from 2500 m to 5000 m not in service
KSTAM-II beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition Fire-and-forget   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2005 21.5 kg 9.03 kg downward-firing EFP from 2000 m to 8000 m Developed for the K2 Black Panther's CN08 120 mm gun
Falarick GLATGM semi-automatic by laser beam   Belgium and   Ukraine CMI Defence and Luch 2013 28 kg tandem HEAT 300 m/s beyond 5000 m 700 mm RHA behind ERA spin-off version of the Konus GLATGM, proposed on the export market
TANOK beyond line of sight, smart munition semi-active laser seeker   Turkey Roketsan 2019 (design)[99] 11 kg tandem HEAT from 1000 m to 6000 m It features two attack modes : direct and top attack. Use a "soft launch" engine.

Target Practice Tracer (TP-T)

sunting
Penamaan Jenis Asal Desainer & produser Tahun Tahun Berat, putaran lengkap (kg) Panjang, putaran lengkap (mm) Jenis & berat propelan Kecepatan moncong Isian Fuzing Catatan
M865 TPCSDS-T   USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 2002 17.2 kg 881 mm M14 1700 m/s
K282 TP-T (HEAT)   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2004 24.5 kg 989 mm K682 (Triple-base) 1130 m/s (L/44) K611 (Electric) Developed based on K277 HEAT-MP-T.
K287 TP-T (HEAT)   South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2013 22.9 kg 980 mm KM30 (Double-base) 1130 m/s (L/44) Fe Powder Sintered K604 (Electric) Designed to minimize accidental damage caused by Ricochet.
DM38 TPCSDS-T   Germany Rheinmetall 1690 m/s
DM48 TPCSDS-T   Germany Rheinmetall 17.5 kg
M324 TPCSDS-T   Israel Elbit Systems 18.3 kg 7.8 kg of M26 (Double-base) 1730 m/s (L/44) Steel M45112 (Electric) Produced under licence by Turkey as MOD 291[100]
M340 TP-T (HE-MP)   Israel Elbit Systems 27 kg 4.5 kg 900 m/s (L/44) Inert
M326 TP-T (HEAT)   Israel Elbit Systems 27 kg 5.6 kg of M30/M26 1078 m/s (L/44) Inert
120 mm IM TP-T TP-T   Norway Nammo 26.7 kg 1030 m/s Qualified in Leopard 2 and M1. The round is in service in several countries.
120 mm KE-TP KE-TP   Norway Nammo 18.3 kg 1700 m/s Qualified in Leopard 2 and M1. The round is in service in several countries.
PZ-521 HE-TP   Poland Mesko 19 kg 980 mm L-2 950 m/s 488g Gunpowder C-88 Qualified in Leopard 2. The round is in service in Poland. Self-detonation after 4–5 km.[101]
PZ-541 APFSDS-T-TP   Poland Mesko 4.8 kg 980 mm 1715 m/s Qualified in Leopard 2. The round is in service in Poland. 1.9 kg penetrator with a diameter of ⌀68mm[102]
MOD 301 TP-T (HE)   Turkey MKE 27.5 kg 984 mm CEP-2 (Double-base) 870 m/s 4.2 kg of Sorel cement MOD 305 Developed based on MOD 300 HE-T.

Platform senjata

sunting

Lihat pula

sunting

Referensi

sunting
  1. ^ Hunnicutt, R.P. (February 1991). Abrams: A History of the American Main Battle Tank. Presidio Press. hlm. 320. ISBN 978-0891413882. 
  2. ^ "NATO - STANAG 4385 120mm x 570 Ammunition for Smooth Bore Tank Guns". standards.globalspec.com. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  3. ^ Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1 April 1991). Technology of Tanks (edisi ke-Jane's Information Group). London. hlm. 76. ISBN 978-0710605955. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f Stefan Kotsch. "Munition der deutschen 120 mm Panzerkanone Rheinmetall". Main Battle Tanks in Details. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 19 October 2021. 
  5. ^ International Defense Review (edisi ke-Volume 21 Issue 9). 1988. hlm. 1216. 
  6. ^ Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 90. ISBN 978-0710610799. 
  7. ^ Hilmes, Rolf (1988). Kampfpanzer - Die Entwicklungen der Nachkriegszeit. Frankfurt am Main Bonn: Report Verlag GmbH. hlm. 38. 
  8. ^ "Satory XI - collaborative programs show through". International Defense Review. 20 (9): 1244. 1987. 
  9. ^ a b Foss, Christopher; Cullen, Tony (September 1988). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Systems 1988-89. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 88. ISBN 978-0710608642. 
  10. ^ Kotsch, Stefan. "Schusstafel der 120 mm Kanone". kotsch88.de. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2023. 
  11. ^ a b Foss, Christopher; Cullen, Tony (September 1988). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Systems 1988-89. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 137. ISBN 978-0710608642. 
  12. ^ "M829 Data". bulletpicker.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 August 2018. 
  13. ^ a b Fahey, Dan. "Science or Science Fiction? Facts, Myths and Propaganda In the Debate Over Depleted Uranium Weapons" (PDF). wise-uranium.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 June 2008. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2020. 
  14. ^ Department of the Army, Technical Bulletin (1986). TB 9-2350-320-14 Operator/Maintenance Information on Cartridge 120mm M829, M830, M831, and M865. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 September 2022. Diakses tanggal 24 December 2021. 
  15. ^ "120 mm M829 APFSDS-T cartridge (United States), Tank and anti-tank guns". Jane's Information Group. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 May 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2012. 
  16. ^ a b Infantry, Magazine. "Infantry Magazine Mar-Apr 1990, Page 39" (PDF). benning.army.mil. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 25 January 2017. 
  17. ^ "120 mm M829 APFSDS-T cartridge (United States), Tank and anti-tank guns". Jane's Information Group. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 May 2011. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  18. ^ a b c "AUSA '86 anti-armour, air-defense and small-arms development dominate a good show". International Defense Review. 19 (12): 1809. 1986. 
  19. ^ a b Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 97. ISBN 978-0710610799. 
  20. ^ Gander, Terry; Hogg, Ian (1 December 1993). Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994-95. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 153. ISBN 978-0710611673. 
  21. ^ a b Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 159. ISBN 978-0710610799. 
  22. ^ "Critical Technology Events in the Development of Selected Army Weapons Systems, page 10" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. September 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 24 December 2021. 
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "120mm Tank Gun KE Ammunition". Defense Update. 2006-11-22. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 August 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-03. 
  24. ^ a b c Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 160. ISBN 978-0710610799. 
  25. ^ "AmmunitionskatalogData och bild" (PDF). www.imisystems.com. IMI. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 15 May 2021. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2021. 
  26. ^ a b Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 73. ISBN 978-0710610799. 
  27. ^ Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 72. ISBN 978-0710610799. 
  28. ^ "Tank Gun Ammunition (Europe)". docplayer.net. Forecast International. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 November 2021. Diakses tanggal 27 December 2020. 
  29. ^ a b c d e "Elbit Systems Land Tank Ammunition Portfolio" (PDF). Elbit Systems. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 3 January 2022. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2022.  p. 4
  30. ^ a b "AmmunitionskatalogData och bild" (PDF). hemvarnet.se. FMV. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 May 2021. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2020. 
  31. ^ a b "120 mm MKE MOD 290 APFSDS-T". MKE. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 June 2022. Diakses tanggal 27 June 2022. 
  32. ^ Alexandersson, Anders. "Today's explosive reactive armour –is it possible to defeat it with the Swedish tank ammunition?" (PDF). diva-portal.se. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 6 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2020. 
  33. ^ "120 mm KE-Patrone DM 43 A1". deutsche-bundeswehr.de. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2022. 
  34. ^ Gander, Terry J. (2002). Jane's Ammunition Handbook 2001-2002. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 2119. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2022. 
  35. ^ "AMMUNITION" (PDF). Nexter. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 29 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2022. 
  36. ^ Gander, Terry; Hogg, Ian (1 December 1993). Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994-95. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 159. ISBN 978-0710611673. 
  37. ^ a b c d "M829A2 APFSDS-T 120MM KE TACTICAL CARTRIDGE" (PDF). alternatewars.com. General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 6 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2020. 
  38. ^ a b Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 148. ISBN 978-0710610799. 
  39. ^ a b c d e "KE-W APFSDS-T 120MM TUNGSTEN TACTICAL CARTRIDGE" (PDF). alternatewars.com. General Dynamics Ordnanceand Tactical System. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 6 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 27 December 2020. 
  40. ^ Gander, Terry; Hogg, Ian (1 December 1993). Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994-95. Jane's Information Group. hlm. 155. ISBN 978-0710611673. 
  41. ^ "한국형 120mm K-1 성능개량전차 첫 선". The Chosun Ilbo. 3 April 1996. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 September 2022. Diakses tanggal 28 September 2022. 
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h Poongsan Corporation. "Ammunition and Explosives" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 17 October 2021. 
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h Security Management Institute (25 May 2018). "화기별·탄종별 사격장 안전기준 정립 연구". Republic of Korea Army Headquarters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 14 October 2021.  p. 118
  44. ^ "Korea Defense Products Guide". Korea Defense Industry Trade Support Center. 13 December 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2022.  p. 46
  45. ^ a b "K274N / K276 / K279 APFSDS탄". Sheldon's Military. 7 November 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 August 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 August 2022. 
  46. ^ a b "K2PL and K2M". Steel Beasts. 2 March 2021. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 July 2021. Diakses tanggal 9 July 2021. 
  47. ^ a b "K276 날탄의 관통력: 600mm(X), 650mm(O)". Bemil. 7 November 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 May 2022. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2022. 
  48. ^ a b Kyung Jin Park and Joo Ha You (1 October 2004). "Manufacturing of Tungsten Heavy Alloy Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetrator" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 17 October 2021. 
  49. ^ Myunghyun Kim (29 February 2020). "Study on the Improving Penetration Performance of Tungsten Heavy Alloy Penetrator by Heat Treatment" (PDF). Defense Agency for Technology and Quality. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 17 October 2021. 
  50. ^ a b Obsarm (October 2000). "La production des armes à l'uranium appauvri" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2022. 
  51. ^ a b Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1999-2000. Janes Information Group. December 1999. hlm. 660. ISBN 978-0710618993. 
  52. ^ Ferrard, Stéphane (1992). Le Système Leclerc (dalam bahasa French). Editions Bosquet. 
  53. ^ Barrillot, Bruno (October 2000). Les munitions antichar à l'uranium appauvri de Giat Industries (PDF) (dalam bahasa French). Lyon: Observatoire des armes nucléaires françaises. hlm. 16. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2022. 
  54. ^ a b Archived copy Diarsipkan 30 May 2021 di Wayback Machine.
  55. ^ "120MMSYSTEMHOUSE". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 August 2023. Diakses tanggal 19 August 2023. 
  56. ^ a b c d "120mm M829A3 APFSDS-T Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot w/Tracer" (PDF). fbcinc.com. Northrop Grumman. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 6 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2021. 
  57. ^ a b Alliant Techsystems Inc. "Patent US8985026B2". patents.google.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 October 2020. 
  58. ^ General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems (2003). "Patent US6662726B1". patents.google.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 October 2020. 
  59. ^ a b "Orbital ATK M829A3 Pamphlet" (PDF). www.alternatewars.com. 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 28 August 2019. 
  60. ^ Kotsch, Stefan. "Munition der deutschen 120 mm Panzerkanone Rheinmetall". kotsch88.de. Diakses tanggal 12 August 2023. 
  61. ^ Kwon Soon-Kil (30 December 2005). "Effect of CCC Composition on Burning Characteristic for 120mm Kinetic Energy Ammunition" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 19 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 19 October 2021.  p. 3
  62. ^ Poongsan Corporation (2020). "풍산탄약". MADEX. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 14 October 2021.  p. 44
  63. ^ Company, The Asahi Shimbun. "【無料】 １０式戦車とその必要性 - 清谷信一｜論座 - 朝日新聞社の言論サイト". 論座（RONZA） (dalam bahasa Jepang). Diakses tanggal 2023-03-06. 
  64. ^ Le cahier de la cavalerie blindée. UNABCC. 2011. hlm. 37. 
  65. ^ "Kinetic Energy Tungsten (KET)". Army Guide. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2022. 
  66. ^ Tomasz BŁASZCZAK (2022). "analiza numeryczna wpływu konstrukcji sabotu pocisku" (PDF). Yadda. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 25 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2022. 
  67. ^ Kiński, A. (June 2016). "Mesko S.A. do polskich Leopardów 2". Wojsko I Technika (6): 48. 
  68. ^ a b c Kwan-Jin Park (9 December 2016). "Pressure Analysis and Conceptual Design for Indoor Ballistic Test Range by Numerical Methods" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 14 October 2021.  p. 2
  69. ^ Sun-Kil Kwon (17 May 2012). "Study on the Temperature Independent Property of the Surface Coated Double Base Propellant" (PDF). The Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 17 October 2021. 
  70. ^ Tae Soo Kwon (December 2014). "Study on the Temperature Independent Property of the Surface Coated Propellant for 105mm Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot I". The Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2022. 
  71. ^ Tae Soo Kwon (May 2015). "Study on the Temperature Independent Property of the Surface Coated Propellant for 105mm Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot II". The Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2022. 
  72. ^ "LARGE CALIBER AMMUNITION 120mm" (PDF). jpeoaa.army.mil. PM MAS. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 23 January 2022. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2021. 
  73. ^ "F Y 1 5 A R M Y P R O G R A M S" (PDF). www.dote.osd.mil. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 April 2021. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2021. 
  74. ^ "kinetic energy ammunition". defencetechnologyreview.partica.online. Defence Technology Review. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 June 2021. Diakses tanggal 9 June 2021. 
  75. ^ "Nexter 120 mm SHARD: towards tailored APFSDS solutions". European Defence Review. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 November 2021. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2021. 
  76. ^ "120MM APFSDS 'SHARD'". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 July 2022. Diakses tanggal 9 July 2022. 
  77. ^ "Nexter Announces 120 SHARD APFSDS Ammunition". joint-forces.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 April 2021. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2022. 
  78. ^ "120 MMx570 APFSDS DM73". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 September 2023. Diakses tanggal 10 September 2023. 
  79. ^ Richardson, Henry. "Tank Gun and Ammo Developments: 120mm and Above". euro-sd.com. European Security & Defence. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2021. 
  80. ^ Valpolini, Paolo. "More on Rheinmetall tank guns and ammunition evolution". www.edrmagazine.eu. European Defence Review. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2021. 
  81. ^ Valpolini, Paolo. "More on Rheinmetall tank guns and ammunition evolution". edrmagazine.eu. European Defence Review. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2022. 
  82. ^ Kotsch, Stefan. "Munition der deutschen 120 mm Panzerkanone Rheinmetall". kotsch88.de. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 May 2021. Diakses tanggal 18 July 2022. 
  83. ^ Chassillan, Marc (April 2005). Char Leclerc de la guerre froide aux conflits de demain. E-T-A-I. hlm. 191. ISBN 978-2726894385. 
  84. ^ "120mm M830 High Explosive Anti-Tank-Multi Purpose - Tracer (HEAT-MP-T)". fas.org. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 April 2017. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  85. ^ a b "120mm M830A1 HEAT-MP-T" (PDF). fbcinc.com. Northrop Grumman. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 19 February 2021. Diakses tanggal 24 December 2020. 
  86. ^ a b AckDog (31 December 2021). "K1A3 개량논란 & K2 수출형 전차개발". ADBC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 August 2023. Diakses tanggal 14 August 2023. 
  87. ^ "120 mm MKE MOD 310 HEAT-MP-T". MKE. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 July 2022. Diakses tanggal 15 July 2022. 
  88. ^ "120 mm Round M 908 HE-OR-T with High Explosive Obstacle Reduction". arconpartners.net. Arcon Partners Ltd. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2021. 
  89. ^ "US Cartridge, 120mm HE-OR-T, M908". bulletpicker.com. Bulletpicker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2021. 
  90. ^ "M908 HE-OR-T [High Explosive Obstacle Reduction Tank]". www.globalsecurity.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2021. 
  91. ^ "120 mm IM HE-T". nammo.com. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  92. ^ "High Explosive IM HE-T & Trainer IM HE-TP". gd-otscanada.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 December 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  93. ^ "Correct shell for the right purpose". kaskus.co.id. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 September 2022. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  94. ^ "press release" (PDF). rheinmetall-defence.com. Rheinmetall Defence. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 12 November 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  95. ^ a b "Elbit Systems Land Tank Ammunition Portfolio" (PDF). elbitsystems.com. Elbit Systems. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 3 January 2022. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  96. ^ "Eurosatory 2012 - New 120mm tank ammunition from Rheinmetall: enhanced firepower for modern combat operations". rpdefense.over-blog.com. worldwide-defence. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2021. 
  97. ^ Kuśnierz, Tadeusz. "Amunicja Z Pociskami Odłamkowo-Burzącymi Do Czołów Leopard 2A4 Eksploatowanych W Wojsku Polskim" (PDF). witu.mil.pl. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 5 January 2022. Diakses tanggal 5 January 2022. 
  98. ^ "120mm HE M3M 120mm Ammunition for NATO Guns". armscom.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 August 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2020. 
  99. ^ Valpolini, Paolo. "IDEF 19: Roketsan unveils the future Altay 120 mm laser guided ammunition". edrmagazine.eu. Diakses tanggal 23 October 2022. 
  100. ^ "120 mm MKE MOD 291 TPCSDS-T". MKE. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 June 2022. Diakses tanggal 27 June 2022. 
  101. ^ Kuśnierz, Tadeusz. "Amunicja z pociskami odłamkowo-burzącymi do czołgów Leopard 2A eksploatowanych w Wojsku Polskim" (PDF). Wojskowy Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia. hlm. 54. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 30 May 2022. Diakses tanggal 30 May 2022. 
  102. ^ Pankowski, Zygmunt. "Balistyka pocisków ćwiczebnych ze stabilizatorem stożkowym do armat czołgowych". Wojskowy Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 30 May 2022. Diakses tanggal 30 May 2022. 


 

Artikel bertopik senjata ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.


Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "lower-roman", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="lower-roman"/> yang berkaitan

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=NATO_120x570mm&oldid=26070400"