Neolitikum Eropa
Neolitikum Eropa merupakan sebuah zaman Neolitikum yang hadir di Eropa kira-kira antara tahun 7000 SM (perkiraan waktu masyarakat pertanian pertama di Yunani) dan skt. 1700 SM (awal zaman perunggu di Skandinavia). Selama era ini, pertanian dan peternakan menyebar ke seluruh migrasi dan pertukaran, serta diadopsi oleh berbagai komunitas yang tinggal di Eropa, tanpa penyamarataan karena masih dalam zaman Besi yang masyarakatnya secara eksklusif terlibat dalam perburuan dan pengumpulan, khususnya di Eropa Utara.[1]
Perkembangan metalurgi tembaga di Eropa begitu bertahap dan perubahan gaya hidup dan organisasi sosial sangat lemah sehingga istilah « Zaman Tembaga » atau « Kalkolitikum » cenderung digantikan oleh ekspresi prasejarah « Neolitikum Akhir » atau « Neolitikum final ». Zaman Neolitikum berakhir dengan pengembangan dan penyamarataan metalurgi perunggu, yang mendefinisikan Zaman Perunggu, namun prosesi ini dimulai di Yunani dan Balkan pada awal milenium ketiga Sebelum Masehi, yang berlangsung secara bertahap dan sesuai dengan modalitas yang berbeda sesuai dengan wilayah Eropa.
Daftar kebudayaan dan situs
sunting- Mesolitikum
- Kebudayaan Lepenski Vir (milenium ke-10 hingga ke-7)
- Kebudayaan Megalitikum (milenium ke-8 hingga ke-2)
- Neolitikum Awal
- Gua Franchthi (milenium ke-20 hingga ke-3) Yunani. Situs Neolitikum Eropa pertama.
- Sesklo (milenium ke-7) Yunani.
- Kebudayaan Starčevo-Criș (Starčevo I, Körös, Criş, Balkan Tengah, milenium ke-7 hingga ke-5)
- Kebudayaan Dudești (milenium ke-6)
- Neolitikum Tengah
- Kebudayaan Tembikar La Almagra (Andalusia, milenium ke-6 hingga ke-5)
- Kebudayaan Vinča (milenium ke-6 hingga ke-3)
- Kebudayaan Linear (milenium ke-6 hingga ke-5)
- Kebudayaan Kardium (Pantai Mediterania, milenium ke-7 hingga ke-4)
- Kebudayaan Sisir Keramik, a.k.a. Kebudayaan Sisir Keramik (Eropa Timur Laut, milenium ke-6 hingga ke-3)
- Peradaban Cucuteni-Trypillia (Moldova, Ukraina, Rumania, skt. 5200 hingga 3500 SM)
- Kebudayaan Ertebølle (Denmark, milenium ke-5 hingga ke-3)
- Kebudayaan Cortaillod (Swiss, milenium ke-4)
- Kebudayaan Hembury (Britania, milenium ke-5 hingga ke-4)
- Kebudayaan Windmill Hill (Britania, milenium ke-3)
- Kebudayaan Pfyn (Swiss, milenium ke-4)
- Kebudayaan Amphora Globular (Eropa Tengah, milenium ke-4 hingga ke-3)
- Kebudayaan Horgen (Swiss, milenium ke-4 hingga ke-3)
- Eneolitikum (zaman tembaga)
- Kebudayaan Lengyel (milenium ke-5)
- Kebudayaan Eropa Tengah menghasilkan pengaturan monumental parit melingkar antara 4800 SM dan 4600 SM.
- Kebudayaan Varna (milenium ke-5)
- Kebudayaan corong (milenium ke-4)
- Kebudayaan Baden (Eropa Tengah, milenium ke-4 hingga ke-3)
- Kebudayaan Los Millares (Almería, Spanyol, milenium ke-4 hingga ke-2)
- Kebudayaan keramik bertali, a.k.a. Kapak Perang atau kebudayaan Makam Tunggal (Eropa Utara, milenium ke-3)
- Kebudayaan Gaudo (milenium ke-3, awal zaman Perunggu, di Italia)
- Kebudayaan Beaker (milenium ke-3 hingga ke-2, awal zaman Perunggu)
Megalitikum
suntingBeberapa Kebudayaan Neolitikum yang tercantum di atas dikenal untuk membangun megalit. Hal ini terjadi terutama di pantai Atlantik Eropa, tetapi ada juga megalit di kepulauan Mediterania barat.
- skt. 5000 SM: Konstruksi di Portugal (Évora). Munculnya Neolitikum di Samudra Atlantik, zaman pertanian di sepanjang pesisir subur Eropa.
- skt. 4800 SM: Konstruksi di Bretagne (Barnenez) dan Poitou (Bougon).
- skt. 4000 SM: Konstruksi di Bretagne (Karnaq), Portugal (Lisboa), Spanyol (Galisia dan Andalusia), Prancis (tengah dan selatan), Korsika, England, Wales, Irlandia Utara (Banbridge) dan di tempat lainnya.
- skt. 3700 SM: Konstruksi di Irlandia (Carrowmore dan di tempat lain) dan Spanyol (Dolmen Menga, Situs Dolmen Antequera, Málaga).
- skt. 3600 SM: Konstruksi di Inggris (Maumbury Rings dan Godmanchester), dan Malta (kuil-kuil di Ġgantija dan Mnajdra).
- skt. 3500 SM: Konstruksi di Spanyol (Dolmen Viera, Situs Dolmen Antequera, Málaga, dan Guadiana), Irlandia (barat daya), Prancis (Arles dan utara), barat laut dan Italia tengah (Piemonte, Lembah Aosta, Liguria dan Toskana), kepulauan Mediterania (Sardinia, Sisilia, Malta) dan di tempat lain di Laut Tengah, Belgia (timur laut) dan Jerman (tengah dan barat daya).
- skt. 3400 SM: Konstruksi di Irlandia (Newgrange), Belanda (timur laut), Jerman (utara dan tengah) Swedia dan Denmark.
- skt. 3200 SM: Konstruksi di Malta (Ħaġar Qim dan Ħal Tarxien).
- skt. 3000 SM: Konstruksi di Prancis (Saumur, Dordogne, Languedoc, Vizcaya, dan pantai Mediterania), Spanyol (Los Millares), Belgia (L'Ardenne), dan Orkney, serta pantai Mediterania Henge (lingkaran batu tegak) di Pulau Britania Raya.
- skt. 2900 SM: Konstruksi di Spanyol (Tholos de El Romeral, Situs Dolmen Antequera, Málaga)
- skt. 2800 SM: Puncak megalitikum Kebudayaan corong di Denmark, dan konstruksi henge di Stonehenge.
Lihat pula
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ André Leroi-Gourhan (dir.), Dictionnaire de la préhistoire, Paris, 1994.
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Bacaan selanjutnya
sunting- Bellwood, Peter (2001). "Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas? Farming, Languages, and Genes". Annual Review of Anthropology. 30: 181–207. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.181. JSTOR 3069214.
- Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4.
- Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2001). Genes, Peoples, and Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22873-3.
- Gimbutas, Marija (1989). The Language of the Goddess. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250356-5.
- Fu, Qiaomei et al. "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature 534, 200–205 (9 June 2016) doi:10.1038/nature17993
Pranala luar
sunting- Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans, Hofmanova et al, 2016
- The genetic structure of the world’s first farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016
- Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Haak et al, 2015
- Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, Allentoft et al, 2015
- Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe, Mathieson et al, 2015
- "The Horse, the Wheel and Language, How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the Modern World", David W Anthony, 2007
- General table of Neolithic sites in Europe
- Mario Alinei, et al., Paleolithic Continuity Theory of Indo-European Origins
- culture.gouv.fr: Life along the Danube 6500 years ago