Operasi Torch

Operasi Torch (sering disebut Operasi Gymnast) adalah invasi Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya ke Afrika Utara Prancis selama Perang Dunia II yang dimulai pada tanggal 8 November 1942. Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya memenangkan pertempuran ini.

Operasi Torch
Bagian dari Perang Dunia II
Tentara sekutu mencapai pantai dekat Aljazair.
Tanggal 8 November - 10 November 1942 Lokasi Moroko, Aljazair Hasil Kemenangan sekutu
Pihak terlibat
Amerika Serikat Britania Raya Prancis bebas	Prancis Vichy
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Dwight Eisenhower Andrew Cunningham	François Darlan
Kekuatan
73.500	60.000
Korban
479+ tewas 720 terluka	1.346+ tewas 1.997 terluka

Lihat pula

• Invasi Sekutu ke Sisilia

Bibliografi

Laporan perang resmi

• Les Cahiers Français, La part de la Résistance Française dans les évènements d'Afrique du Nord (Official reports of French Resistance Group leaders who seized Algiers on 8 November 1942, to allow allied landing), Commissariat à l'Information of Free French Comité National, London, Aug. 1943.

Catatan koresponden perang

• Melvin K. Whiteleather, Main street's new neighbors, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1945.

Karya aademik

• Aboulker, Professeur José; Levisse-Touzé, Christine (2002). "8 novembre 1942: Les armées américaine et anglaise prennent Alger en quinze heures". Espoir (dalam bahasa French). Paris (n° 133). Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Allen, Bruce (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3381-6. 
• Anderson, Charles R. (1993). Algeria-French Morocco 8 November 1942-11 November 1942. WWII Campaigns. Washington: United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 0-16-038105-3. CMH Pub 72-11. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-04-05. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27. 
• Breuer, William B. (1985). Operation Torch: The Allied Gamble to Invade North Africa. New York: St.Martins Press. 
• Brown, J. D. (1968). Carrier Operations in World War II: The Royal Navy. London: Ian Allan. 
• Danan, Professeur Yves Maxime (1963). La Vie Politique à Alger de 1940 à 1944 (dalam bahasa French). Paris: L.G.D.J. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. London: William Heinemann. OCLC 559866864. 
• Edwards, Bernard (1999). Dönitz and the Wolf Packs. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-927-5. 
• Funk, Arthur L. (1974). The Politics of Torch. University Press of Kansas. 
• Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-019-3. 
• Howe, George F. (1993) [1957]. North West Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West. The United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 57060021. CMH Pub 6-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-28. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27. 
• Levisse-Touzé, Christine (1998). L'Afrique du Nord dans la guerre, 1939–1945 (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Albin Michel. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Lewis, Adrian S. (2001). Omaha Beach: a flawed victory. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2609-X. 
• Meyer, Leo J. (2000) [1960]. "Chapter 7: The Decision to Invade North Africa (Torch)". Dalam Kent Roberts Greenfield. Command Decisions. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 70-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-05. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27. 
• Michel, Henri (1993). Darlan. Paris: Hachette. 
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1947). Operations in North African Waters: Vol. II of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-7858-1303-9. 
• Moses, Sam (November 2006). At All Costs; How a Crippled Ship and Two American Merchant Mariners Turned the Tide of World War II. Random House. 
• O'Hara, Vincent P. (2015) Torch: North African and the Allied Path to Victory (Annapolis: Naval Institute, 2015). x, 371 pp.
• Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C.; Flynn R.N., Captain F. C. & Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [1st HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. IV. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8. 
• Rohwer, J. & Hummelchen, G. (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X. 
• Salinas, Alfred (2013) Les Américains en Algérie 1942–1945 (in French), L'Harmattan, Paris
• Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3381-6. OCLC 40595324. 

Umum

• Atkinson, Rick (2002). An Army at Dawn. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-6288-2. 

Bacaan lanjutan

• The Decision to Invade North Africa (TORCH) Diarsipkan 2010-05-15 di Wayback Machine. part of Command Decisions Diarsipkan 2009-03-05 di Wayback Machine. a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History
• Algeria-French Morocco Diarsipkan 2009-04-05 di Wayback Machine. a book in the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II series of the United States Army Center of Military History

Pranala luar

• The Decision To Invade North Africa (TORCH)
• US Army history of the operation
• A detailed history of 8th November 1942 Diarsipkan 2005-02-08 di Wayback Machine.
• Combined Ops
• USS Augusta (CA-31) - Flagship of Operation Torch (Western Naval Task Force)
• The accord Franco-Américan of Messelmoun (in French) Diarsipkan 2005-08-19 di Wayback Machine.
• Operation TORCH Planning Exercise by Stephen Sledge Diarsipkan 2008-09-17 di Wayback Machine. (Very detailed)
• Royal Engineers Museum Diarsipkan 2009-05-03 di Wayback Machine. Royal Engineers and Second World War (Operation Torch)
• Report of the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces to the Combined Chief of Staff on Operations in North Africa
• Operation Torch: Allied Invasion of North Africa Diarsipkan 2007-09-30 di Wayback Machine. article by Williamson Murray