Ortodoksi Timur

Ortodoksi Timur, atau dikenal sebagai Kristen Ortodoks Timur atau Kristen Bizantium,^[1] adalah salah satu dari tiga cabang utama Kekristenan Kalsedon, selain Katolik Roma dan Protestan.^[2]^[3] Seperti Pentarki pada milenium pertama, Gereja Ortodoks Timur arus utama (atau "kanonik") diorganisasikan menjadi gereja-gereja otosefalus yang independen satu sama lain. Pada abad ke-21, jumlah gereja otosefalus arus utama adalah tujuh belas; ada juga gereja-gereja otosefalus yang tidak diakui oleh gereja-gereja arus utama. Gereja otosefalus memilih primat mereka sendiri. Gereja otosefalus dapat memiliki yurisdiksi (otoritas) terhadap gereja lain, beberapa di antaranya berstatus “otonom” yang berarti mempunyai otonomi lebih dibandingkan eparki sederhana.

Banyak dari yurisdiksi ini berhubungan dengan wilayah satu atau lebih negara modern; Patriarkat Moskow, misalnya, setara dengan Rusia dan beberapa negara pasca-Soviet lainnya.^[4] Mereka juga dapat mencakup kota metropolitan, keuskupan, paroki, biara, atau metokhion terpencil yang terkait dengan diaspora yang juga dapat berlokasi di luar negara tempat primat tersebut berada (misalnya, kasus Patriarkat Ekumenis Konstantinopel yang wilayah kanoniknya sebagian terletak di Yunani utara dan timur); terkadang keduanya tumpang tindih (kasus Moldova di mana yurisdiksi para leluhur Bukares dan Moskow tumpang tindih).

Penyebaran Ortodoksi Timur dimulai di wilayah timur Cekungan Mediterania dalam budaya Yunani Bizantium.^[1] Komunitas-komunitasnya mempunyai pemahaman, pengajaran dan jabatan yang sangat mirip, dengan rasa yang kuat untuk melihat satu sama lain sebagai bagian dari satu Gereja. Setiap umat Kristen Ortodoks Timur melihat tahunnya diselingi oleh kalender liturgi gereja tempat mereka bergantung. Ortodoksi Timur berpendapat bahwa Roh Kudus berasal dari Bapa dan menolak klausa Filioque ("dan Putra") yang ditambahkan ke dalam Pengakuan Iman Nicea oleh Gereja Latin, dengan alasan bahwa tidak ada konsili yang diadakan untuk penambahan tersebut.^[5]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Holt, Andrew (2012) [2011]. "Byzantine Christianity". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0212. ISBN 9780470670606. Byzantine Christianity originated in the Eastern Roman Empire where it evolved concurrently with the emerging Byzantine state. It was the dominant form of Eastern Christianity throughout the Middle Ages and during this period it developed a complex theological system with unique spiritual practices. Byzantine Christianity's fortunes were in many ways tied to the Byzantine state, because when the empire experienced expansion and heightened influence so did the faith. [...] Although the empire eventually fell under the weight of centuries of Islamic aggression, much of Byzantine Christianity has survived in the modern Eastern Orthodox churches.
^ McAuliffe, Garrett (2008). Culturally Alert Counseling: A Comprehensive Introduction. SAGE Publishing. hlm. 532. ISBN 978-1-4129-1006-4. About one-third of the world's population is considered Christian and can be divided into three main branches: (1) Roman Catholicism (the largest coherent group, representing over one billion baptized members); (2) Orthodox Christianity (including Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy); and (3) Protestantism (comprising many denominations and schools of thought, including Anglicanism, Reformed, Presbyterianism, Lutheranism, Methodism, Evangelicalism, and Pentecostalism).
^ Mirola, William; Monahan, Susanne C. (2016). Religion Matters: What Sociology Teaches Us About Religion In Our World. London and New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-34451-3. Orthodox Churches represent one of the three major branches of Christianity, along with Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
^ Richters, Katja. The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture and Greater Russia (2014)
^ Fr. Lawrence Farley (11 July 2012). "The Filioque Clause". Orthodox Church in America. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 October 2015. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2022.

[Holt_2012-1] Holt, Andrew (2012) [2011]. "Byzantine Christianity". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0212. ISBN 9780470670606. Byzantine Christianity originated in the Eastern Roman Empire where it evolved concurrently with the emerging Byzantine state. It was the dominant form of Eastern Christianity throughout the Middle Ages and during this period it developed a complex theological system with unique spiritual practices. Byzantine Christianity's fortunes were in many ways tied to the Byzantine state, because when the empire experienced expansion and heightened influence so did the faith. [...] Although the empire eventually fell under the weight of centuries of Islamic aggression, much of Byzantine Christianity has survived in the modern Eastern Orthodox churches.

[McAuliffe2008-2] McAuliffe, Garrett (2008). Culturally Alert Counseling: A Comprehensive Introduction. SAGE Publishing. hlm. 532. ISBN 978-1-4129-1006-4. About one-third of the world's population is considered Christian and can be divided into three main branches: (1) Roman Catholicism (the largest coherent group, representing over one billion baptized members); (2) Orthodox Christianity (including Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy); and (3) Protestantism (comprising many denominations and schools of thought, including Anglicanism, Reformed, Presbyterianism, Lutheranism, Methodism, Evangelicalism, and Pentecostalism).

[3] Mirola, William; Monahan, Susanne C. (2016). Religion Matters: What Sociology Teaches Us About Religion In Our World. London and New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-34451-3. Orthodox Churches represent one of the three major branches of Christianity, along with Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

[4] Richters, Katja. The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture and Greater Russia (2014)

[5] Fr. Lawrence Farley (11 July 2012). "The Filioque Clause". Orthodox Church in America. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 October 2015. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2022.

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