Pendamaian dalam Kekristenan

Dalam teologi Kristen Barat, pendamaian (Inggris: atonement), yang terkadang secara kurang tepat disebut 'penebusan', mendeskripsikan bagaimana manusia dapat diperdamaikan dengan Allah melalui kematian Kristus sebagai kurban.^[1] Pendamaian mengacu pada memaafkan atau mengampuni dosa pada umumnya, dan khususnya dosa asal, melalui kematian dan kebangkitan Yesus,^[2] memungkinkan terjadinya rekonsiliasi antara Allah dan ciptaan-Nya.

Secara historis, dalam Kekristenan terdapat tiga^[3] atau empat^[4] teori utama mengenai bagaimana pendamaian dapat terlaksana:

Teori tebusan mengenai pendamaian / Kristus Pemenang (yang adalah dua teori berbeda, tetapi secara umum keduanya dianggap sebagai Patristik atau "klasik", menurut nomenklatur Gustaf Aulen; dikemukakan bahwa teori-teori ini adalah pemahaman menurut tradisi para Bapa Gereja awal);
Teori pemenuhan yang dikembangkan oleh Anselmus dari Canterbury (Aulen menyebutnya pandangan "skolastik");
Teori pengaruh moral, dikembangkan dalam Abad Pencerahan, yang oleh Aulen disebut pandangan "humanistik" atau "subjektif" dan dianggap dikemukakan oleh Petrus Abelardus sebagai kritik atas teori pemenuhan.

Teori yang lain misalnya teori rekapitulasi, teori "pendamaian bersama"^[5] dan teori kambing hitam.

Pendamaian dalam bahasa Inggris disebut atonement yang awalnya berarti "at-one-ment", yaitu menjadi "satu", dalam keselarasan, dengan seseorang.^[6] Istilah ini digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan karya keselamatan yang Allah lakukan melalui Kristus untuk mendamaikan dunia dengan diri-Nya sendiri, dan juga keadaan seseorang yang telah diperdamaikan dengan Allah.^[2]^[7] Selama berabad-abad, kalangan Kristen telah menggunakan metafora-metafora berbeda dan diberikan penjelasan yang berbeda-beda mengenai pendamaian untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana pendamaian dapat terlaksana. Berbagai denominasi Kristen mungkin memiliki beragam metafora atau penjelasan yang dianggap paling akurat untuk menyesuaikan dengan perspektif teologis mereka masing-masing. Bagaimanapun semua kalangan Kristen menekankan bahwa Yesus adalah Juruselamat dunia dan melalui kematian-Nya dosa-dosa manusia diampuni.^[8]

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Referensi sunting

^ "Atonement." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
^ ^a ^b atonement. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved October 03, 2012: '2. (often capital) Christian theol a. the reconciliation of man with God through the life, sufferings, and sacrificial death of Christ b. the sufferings and death of Christ'
^ Christus Victor: An Historical Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of Atonement, Gustaf Aulen, 1931
^ Vincent Taylor, The Cross of Christ (London: Macmillan & Co, 1956), p. 71-2
^ In which the atonement is spoken of as shared by all. To wit, God sustains the Universe. Therefore if Jesus was God in human form, when he died, we all died with him, and when he rose from the dead, we all rose with him. See Jeremiah, David. 2009. Living With Confidence in a Chaotic World, pp. 96 & 124. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc.; Massengale, Jamey. 2013.Renegade Gospel, The Jesus Manifold. Amazon, Kindle.
^ Niels-erik A. Andreasen, 'Atonement/Expiation in the Old Testament' in W. E. Mills (ed.), Mercer dictionary of the Bible (Mercer University Press, 1990)
^ Matthew George Easton, 'Atonement' in Illustrated Bible Dictionary (T. Nelson & Sons, 1897).
^ Ward, K. (2007) Christianity – a guide for the perplexed. SPCK, London, p. 48- 51

Pranala luar sunting

Chalke, Steve. Cross Purposes: Biggest Christian conference splits amid growing atonement debate. In Christianity Today, July, 2007.
Chalke, Steve. The Lost Message of Jesus Diarsipkan 2011-09-28 di Wayback Machine. (London: Zondervan; 2003)
Chalke, Steve. The Redemption of the Cross. In The Atonement Debate: Papers From the London Symposium on the Theology of Atonement Diarsipkan 2009-02-07 di Wayback Machine. (eds. Tidball, Hilborn, and Thacker), 2008, pp. 34–45.
Denney, James. The Atonement and the Modern Mind. London: Hodder and Stoughton (1903).
Paul Fiddes, Past event and present salvation: the Christian idea of atonement (London: Darton, Longman, & Todd, 1989)
Finlan, Stephen. The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors. (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature (SBL); 2004)
Finlan, Stephen. Options on Atonement in Christian Thought. (Minnesota: Liturgical Press; 2007)
Finlan, Stephen. Problems With Atonement. (Minnesota: Liturgical Press; 2005)
Finlan, Stephen. "Spiritualization of Sacrifice in Paul and Hebrew" in Ritual and Metaphor, edited by Christian A. Eberhart (Atlanta: SBL; 2011)
Kim, Jintae. The Concept of Atonement in 1 John: A Redevelopment of the Second Temple Concept of Atonement (2003)
Kim, Jintae. The Concept of Atonement in Hellenistic Thought and 1 John (2001)
Kim, Jintae. The Concept of Atonement in Early Rabbinic Thought and the New Testament Writings (2001)
Kim, Jintae. Targum Isaiah 53 and the New Testament Concept of Atonement (2008)
Kim, Jintae. The Concept of Atonement in the Gospel of John (2009)
Rashdall, Hastings. The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology Diarsipkan 2011-07-08 di Wayback Machine.. (London: Macmillan, 1919)
Nonviolent Atonement and the Victory of Christ
Philosophy and Christian Theology > Atonement from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
"Atonement" in the Jewish Encyclopedia
"The Doctrine of Atonement" from the Catholic Encyclopedia
"Atonement" from the Christian Cyclopedia (Lutheran)
Articles on the Atonement (Calvinist/Reformed)
Historical Opinions as to the Nature of Christ's Atoning Death (Arminian/Wesleyan)
Holland, Jeffrey R. (1992), "Atonement of Christ", dalam Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, hlm. 82–86, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140
Online academic articles on atonement
The Relationship of the Atonement Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine.
Wallace, A.J., Rusk, R.D. Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011) ISBN 978-1-4563-8980-2

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Janowski, Bernd. "Atonement." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 152-154. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0-8028-2413-7
Thomas, G. Michael. The Extent of the Atonement: a Dilemma for Reformed Theology, from Calvin to the Consensus, in series, Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs (Carlisle, Scotland: Paternoster Publishing, 1997) ISBN 0-85364-828-X

[1] "Atonement." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005

[CED-2] tonement. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved October 03, 2012: '2. (often capital) Christian theol a. the reconciliation of man with God through the life, sufferings, and sacrificial death of Christ b. the sufferings and death of Christ'

[Aulen-3] Christus Victor: An Historical Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of Atonement, Gustaf Aulen, 1931

[4] Vincent Taylor, The Cross of Christ (London: Macmillan & Co, 1956), p. 71-2

[5] In which the atonement is spoken of as shared by all. To wit, God sustains the Universe. Therefore if Jesus was God in human form, when he died, we all died with him, and when he rose from the dead, we all rose with him. See Jeremiah, David. 2009. Living With Confidence in a Chaotic World, pp. 96 & 124. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc.; Massengale, Jamey. 2013.Renegade Gospel, The Jesus Manifold. Amazon, Kindle.

[6] Niels-erik A. Andreasen, 'Atonement/Expiation in the Old Testament' in W. E. Mills (ed.), Mercer dictionary of the Bible (Mercer University Press, 1990)

[7] Matthew George Easton, 'Atonement' in Illustrated Bible Dictionary (T. Nelson & Sons, 1897).

[8] Ward, K. (2007) Christianity – a guide for the perplexed. SPCK, London, p. 48- 51

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