Pengguna:NFarras/Proyek 5
Penunjuk arah (bahasa Inggris: wayfinding) telah digunakan dalam konteks arsitektur untuk merujuk pada pengalaman pengguna dalam menentukan orientasi dan bernavigasi dalam sebuah lingkungan binaan.
Sejarah
suntingKevin A. Lynch menggunakan istilah "way-finding" dalam bukunya pada 1960 yang berjudul The Image of the City. Dalam buku tersebut, ia mendefinisikan istilah tersebut sebagai "penggunaan konsisten dan terorganisasi dari isyarat sensorik tertentu dalam lingkungan eksternal."[1]
Pada 1984, seorang psikolog lingkungan, Romedi Passini, memublikasikan Wayfinding in Architecture dan mengembangkan konsepnya sehingga mencakup penggunaan papan tanda dan bentuk komunikasi grafis lainnya, petunjuk visual dalam lingkungan binaan, informasi yang dapat didengar, elemen taktil, serta penunjang lain bagi pengguna berkebutuhan khusus.[2]
Konsep penunjuk arah dikembangkan lagi dalam sebuah buku karya Paul Arthur dan Romedi Passini yang dipublikasikan pada 1992, berjudul Wayfinding: People, Signs and Architecture. Buku ini memuat pedoman penunjuk arah berupa deskripsi, ilustrasi, dan daftar cara penggunaan papan tanda serta bentuk penunjuk arah lainnya dalam lingkungan yang kompleks. Terdapat pula bibliografi ekstensif dalam menyajikan informasi dan keefektifannya dalam kondisi darurat.[3]
Teori
suntingPada buku karya Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City,[1] ia membuat sebuah model beberapa kota sebagai kerangka kerja dalam membangun sistem penunjuk arah. Lima elemen yang menurutnya mampu membantu orang dalam menemukan arah ialah:
- Paths – jalan yang digunakan untuk berpindah tempat
- Edges – jalanan yang mendefinisikan batas dan jeda dalam kontinuitas
- Districts – area-area yang memiliki karakteristik serupa
- Nodes – titik persimpangan atau pertemuan
- Landmarks – entitas yang mudah diidentifikasi dan dapat digunakan sebagai patokan, biasanya berupa objek fisik
Contoh
sunting
Penunjuk arah modern telah mulai berdasarkan pada penelitian mengenai alasan orang-orang tersesat. Hasil penelitian tersebut digunakan sebagai salah satu pertimbangan dalam desain papan tanda dan cara menyempurnakannya di kemudian hari.
Perencanaan perkotaan
suntingSalah satu contoh skema penunjuk arah di wilayah perkotaan ialah sistem Penunjuk Arah Legible London.
Sebuah penelitian yang dipublikasikan di Nature menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang yang tumbuh di kota dengan rancangan pola jalan bersudut siku dapat menghambat kemampuan bernavigasi di kemudian hari.[4]
Pada 2011, Nashville, Tennessee memperkenalkan program papan penunjuk arah dan panduan lalu lintas untuk memudahkan wisatawan dalam bernavigasi di tengah kota.[5]
Penunjuk arah dalam ruangan
suntingPenunjuk arah dalam ruangan di fasilitas umum, seperti rumah sakit, umumnya dibantu oleh peranan kios informasi, peta dalam ruangan, dan direktori gedung.[6] Penunjuk arah dalam ruangan juga sama pentingnya di gedung perkantoran.[7]
Such spaces that involve areas outside the normal vocabulary of visitors show the need for a common set of language-independent symbols.[8]
Offering indoor maps for handheld mobile devices is becoming common, as are digital information kiosk systems.[9]
Other frequent wayfinding aids are the use of color coding[10] and signage clustering—used to order the information into a hierarchy and prevent the issue of information overload.[11] A number of recent airport terminals include ceiling designs and flooring patterns that encourage passengers to move along the required directional flow.[12]
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) represented a milestone in helping to make spaces universally accessible and improving wayfinding for users.[13]
Signage
suntingSignage is the most visual part of wayfinding. A good wayfinding system needs well designed signage, but it also has to be well placed and to match the user’s language.
There are four types of signs most commonly used which help navigate users and give them appropriate information.[14] They are:
- Informational: These provide useful information on the place where the users are, such as free wifi, opening hours, etc.
- Directional: As the name indicates, these direct users with arrows saying which way to go for whichever purpose. These most often at junctions when the user must make a decision about the route.
- Identification:To help users recognise where they currently are, identification signs can be placed at the entrances of buildings, parks, etc. They symbolise the arrival to a destination.
- Regulatory: These let people know what they can and cannot do in a given area and are most frequently phrased negatively with the aim of creating a safe environment. Examples include “no smoking” or “restricted area”.
Lihat pula
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ a b Lynch, Kevin (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press. ISBN 0-262-62001-4.
a consistent use and organization of definite sensory cues from the external environment
- ^ Yanling, Wang (2005-01-01). "Creating positive wayfinding experience". Iowa State University Digital Repository. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2021.
- ^ Originally published 1992, McGraw Hill, reissued in a limited commemorative edition in 2002 by SEGD. ISBN 978-0075510161
- ^ Coutrot, Antoine; et al. (2022-03-21). "Entropy of city street networks linked to future spatial navigation ability". Nature. 604 (7904): 104–110. Bibcode:2022Natur.604..104C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04486-7. PMID 35355009 Periksa nilai
|pmid=(bantuan). Diakses tanggal 2022-04-05. - ^ "Nashville Unveils Innovative Wayfinding Program" (PDF). nashville.gov (Siaran pers). August 2, 2011. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2021.
- ^ Raven, A., Laberge, J., Ganton, J., Johnson, M. (2014). "Wayfinding in a Hospital: Electronic Kiosks Point the Way". User Experience Magazine. 14 (3).
- ^ Davies, Helen (October 7, 2020). "33 Cool Laser Cutting And Engraving Ideas To Spark Inspiration". frontsigns.com. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2021.
- ^ Goodwin, Kim (2011). Designing for the Digital Age: How to Create Human-Centered Products and Services. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 582. ISBN 9781118079881.
- ^ Wright, Bianca (February 25, 2016). "Best apps for navigating inside buildings". Tech Advisor. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2021.
- ^ Symonds, Paul (2017-04-24). "Using Colours in Wayfinding and Navigation". travelwayfinding.com.
- ^ "Clustering and Signage in Wayfinding". travelwayfinding.com. 2018-04-27.
- ^ Hubregtse, Menno (2020). Wayfinding, Consumption, and Air Terminal Design. Routledge. hlm. 1906. ISBN 9781000029680 – via Google Books.
- ^ Sisson, Patrick (July 23, 2015). "The ADA at 25". Curbed. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2021.
- ^ Peate, Stephen (8 June 2018). "The Wonders of Wayfinding Design". Fabrik Brands. Diakses tanggal 16 November 2019.
Bacaan lanjutan
sunting- Chris Calori (2007), Signage and Wayfinding Design: A Complete Guide to Creating Environmental Graphic Design Systems, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-465-06710-7
- Cooper, Randy (2010). Wayfinding for Health Care: Best Practices for Today's Facilities. American Hospital Association. ISBN 978-1-55648-369-1.
- Environmental Graphics: Projects and Process from Hunt Design.
- David Gibson (2009), The Wayfinding Handbook: Information Design for Public Places, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 978-1-56898-769-9
- Michael Bierut (2015), How to Use Graphic Design to Sell Things, Explain Things, Make Things Look Better, Make People Laugh, Make People Cry, and (Every Once in a While) Change the World, Thames & Hudson.
- Poulin, Richard. Graphic Design + Architecture. A 20th-century History. Rockport Publishers, 2012.
- Per Mollerop (2005), Wayshowing: A Guide to Environmental Signage Principles & Practices, Lars Muller Publications
- Paul Arthur and Romedi Passini "Wayfinding: People, Signs and Architecture", (originally published 1992, McGraw Hill, reissued in a limited commemorative edition in 2002 by SEGD). ISBN 978-0075510161, ISBN 0075510162
- Uebele, Andreas. Signage Systems and Information Graphics. Thames & Hudson, 2007
- Menno Hubregtse (2020), Wayfinding, Consumption, and Air Terminal Design, Routledge, ISBN 9780367352561