Pertempuran Tours

Pertempuran Tours
	Bagian dari Penaklukan Umayyah di Iberia
	; Lukisan Charles de Steuben Bataille de Poitiers en Octobre 732 menggambarkan Charles Martel (berkuda) menghadapi Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi (kanan) dalam Pertempuran Tours.
Tanggal	10 Oktober 732
Lokasi	dekat Tours, Prancis
Hasil	Kemenangan Frank
Pihak terlibat
Bangsa Frank Karolingia	Kekhalifahan Umayyah
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Charles Martel	Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi †
Kekuatan
mungkin 20.000-30.000	tidak diketahui, namun sumber awal menyebutkan 80.000 mention a figure of 80,000.
Korban
Tidak diketahui; 1,500 dilaporkan	Mungkin 10,000, termasuk Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi

Pertempuran Tours (10 Oktober 732)^[3] atau Pertempuran Poitiers atau (bahasa Arab: معركة بلاط الشهداء, translit. Ma'rakah Balath Asy-Syuhada) Pertempuran Bangsal Syuhada^[4] terjadi di dekat Tours, sekitar perbatasan kekuasaan bangsa Frank dan Aquitaine yang saat itu masih merdeka. Dalam pertempuran ini, Bangsa Frank dan Burgundy^[5]^[6] pimpinan Charles Martel, penguasa Austrasia melawan tentara Umayyah pimpinan Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi, gubernur Al-Andalus. Pertempuran ini berakhir dengan kemenangan bangsa Frank, terbunuhnya Al-Ghafiqi, serta perluasan kekuasaan Martel ke selatan. Rincian dari pertempuran ini, termasuk lokasi persis dan jumlah tentara yang bertarung dalam pertempuran ini tidak dapat benar-benar dipastikan. Yang jelas, bangsa Frank memenangkan pertempuran tanpa menggunakan kavaleri.

Kemenangan Frank dalam pertempuran ini merupakan awal berdirinya Kekaisaran Karolingian dan dominasi bangsa Frank atas Eropa, dan menurut sebagian sejarawan, kemenangan ini telah menyelamatkan keberadaan Agama Kristen dari upaya penaklukan umat Islam di Eropa. "Pendirian kekuasaan Frank di Eropa barat menentukan takdir benua tersebut, dan Pertempuran Tours memastikan kekuasaan tersebut."^[7]

Latar belakang

The exoticism of Saracen invaders is stressed in this detail from The Saracen Army outside Paris, by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, painted 1822-27, which actually depicts a fictional incident from Ariosto (Cassino Massimo, Rome)^[8]

Pertempuran Tours berlangsung 21 tahun setelah penjajahan dinasti Umayyah di Eropa, yang dimulai dengan menginvasi kerajaan Kristen Visigothic di Iberia tahun 711. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan aksi militer ke wilayah bangsa Frank, yaitu Galia, bekas provinsi Romawi. Kampanye militer Umayyah merangsek ke utara sampai Aquitaine dan Burgundy, termasuk pertempuran di Bordeaux dan serangan ke Autun. Kemenangan Charles dianggap berhasil menghentikan penyebaran pasukan Umayyah ke utara dari Iberia, dan menyelamatkan Kekristenan Eropa di kala penguasa Islam menaklukkan sisa-sisa kekaisaran Roma dan Persia.^[9]

Kebanyakan sejarawan memperkirakan kedua balatentara bertempur di pertemuan sungai Clain dan Vienne antra Tours dan Poitiers. Jumlah pasukan kedua pihak tidak diketahui. Riwayat Muzarab tahun 754, sebuah narasumber Latin di masa itu yang menggambarkan pertempuran lebih detail dari sumber Latin atau Arab lainnya, mencatat "rakyat Austrasia [balatentara Frank], dengan jumlah lebih besar dan senjata lebih berat, menewaskan sang raja, Abdurrahman",^[10] sesuai dengan pendapat sejarawan Arab dan Muslim. Tetapi hampir semua sumber dari Barat tidak sependapat, dan memperkirakan jumlah pasukan Frank ada 30.000 orang, tidak sampai setengahnya pasukan Muslim.^[11]

Beberapa sejarawan modern, dengan memperkirakan kemampuan bangsa itu dan Martel sendiri, percaya bahwa jumlah pasukan Muslim melebihi pasukan Frank. Berdasarkan sumber Muslim dari zaman yang berbeda, Creasy memperkirakan pasukan Umayyah berjumlah 80.000 atau lebih. Tahun 1999, Paul K. Davis memperkirakan pasukan Umayyah berjumlah 80.000 dan Frank sekitar 30.000,^[11] dengan mengutip sejarawan modern lainnya yang memperkirakan jumlah pasukan Umayyah di Tours antra 20–80.000.^[12] Tetapi, Edward J. Schoenfeld, (dengan menolak perkiraan lama yaitu 60–400.000 Umayyah dan 75.000 Frank), menyimpulkan "perkiraan bahwa Umayyah memiliki lebih dari lima puluh ribu pasukan (dan bahkan Frank lebih lagi) adalah mustahil dari sisi logistik."^[13] Senada dengan itu, sejarawan Victor Davis Hanson percaya kedua pihak punya kekuatan kurang lebih sama, sekitar 30.000 orang.^[14]

Jumlah korban juga tidak diketahui, tetapi para penulis kemudian mengklaim Charles Martel kehilangan 1.500 orang, sementara pasukan Umayyah menderita kerugian besar dengan kehilangan 375.000 orang.

Catatan kaki

^ The earliest Muslim source for this campaign is the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam (c. 803-71) — see Watson, 1993 and Torrey, 1922.
^ Hanson, 2001, p. 141.
^ Oman, 1960, p. 167.
^ Henry Coppée writes, "The same name (see ante) was given to the battle of Toulouse and is applied to many other fields on which the Moslemah were defeated: they were always martyrs for the faith" (Coppée, 1881/2002, p. 13.)
^ Bachrach, 2001, p. 276.
^ Fouracre, 2002, p. 87 citing the Vita Eucherii, ed. W. Levison, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum VII, pp. 46–53, ch. 8, pp. 49–50; Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium, extracts ed. G. Waitz, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores XIII, pp. 394–400, ch. 27, p. 394.
^ Davis, 1999, p. 106.
^ The patriotic and religious fresco project and its cultural implications are discussed by Albert Boime, A Social History of Modern Art 2004, pp 62ff.
^ "Battle of Tours (European history)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-08-27. Diakses tanggal 2012-10-04.
^ Wolf, 2000, p. 145
^ ^a ^b Davis, Paul K. "100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present"
^ Davis, p. 105.
^ Schoenfeld, 2001, p. 366.
^ Hanson, Victor Davis. "Culture and Carnage: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power"

Referensi dan bahan bacaan

Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Bachrach, Bernard S (2001). Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3533-9
Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23943-1
Bede, Giles, John Allen, Stevens, John, Gurvey, Anna and Petrie, Henry (1847). The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England. H. G. Bohn.
Bennett, Bradsbury, Devries, Dickie and Jestice, Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World
Coppée, Henry (1881/2002). History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe. Vol II. Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-931956-94-4
Cowley, Robert and Parker, Geoffrey (Eds.). (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1851/2001). Decisive Battles of the World. Simon Publicatons. ISBN 1-931541-81-7
Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24913-1
Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-06476-7
Gibbon, Edward The Battle of Tours^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Grant, Michael History of Rome
Grunebaum, Gustave von (2005). Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 0-202-30767-0
Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as Why the West has Won. Faber and Faber, 2001. ISBN 0-571-21640-4
Hitti, Philip Khuri (2002). History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-931956-61-8
Hooker, Richard "Civil War and the Umayyads" Diarsipkan 2007-02-05 di Wayback Machine.
Lewis, Bernard (1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509061-6
Martin, Robert W. "The Battle of Tours is still felt today" Diarsipkan 2005-10-18 di Wayback Machine., from about.com
Mastnak, Tomaž (2002). Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22635-6
Oman, Charles W. (1960). Art of War in the Middle Ages A. D. 378-1515. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9062-6
Poke, The Battle of Tours, from the book Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy, MA
Reagan, Geoffrey, The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles, Canopy Books, NY (1992) ISBN 1-55859-431-0
Riche, Paul (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1342-4
Roberts, J.M. (2003) The New History of the World Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521927-9
Santosuosso, Anthony (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9
Schoenfeld, Edward J. (2001). Battle of Poitiers. In Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker (Eds.). (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History (p. 366). Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
Torrey, Charles Cutler (1922). The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam. Yale University Press.
The Battle of Tours 732 Diarsipkan 2007-02-22 di Wayback Machine., from the "Jewish Virtual Library" website: A division of the American-Israeli Cooperative.
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Watson, William E., "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited" Diarsipkan 2008-09-21 di Wayback Machine., Providence: Studies in Western Civilization, 2 (1993)
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[1] The earliest Muslim source for this campaign is the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam (c. 803-71) — see Watson, 1993 and Torrey, 1922.

[2] Hanson, 2001, p. 141.

[3] Oman, 1960, p. 167.

[4] Henry Coppée writes, "The same name (see ante) was given to the battle of Toulouse and is applied to many other fields on which the Moslemah were defeated: they were always martyrs for the faith" (Coppée, 1881/2002, p. 13.)

[5] Bachrach, 2001, p. 276.

[6] Fouracre, 2002, p. 87 citing the Vita Eucherii, ed. W. Levison, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum VII, pp. 46–53, ch. 8, pp. 49–50; Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium, extracts ed. G. Waitz, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores XIII, pp. 394–400, ch. 27, p. 394.

[7] Davis, 1999, p. 106.

[8] The patriotic and religious fresco project and its cultural implications are discussed by Albert Boime, A Social History of Modern Art 2004, pp 62ff.

[9] "Battle of Tours (European history)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-08-27. Diakses tanggal 2012-10-04.

[10] Wolf, 2000, p. 145

[Davis-11] Davis, Paul K. "100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present"

[Davis-105-12] Davis, p. 105.

[Schoenfeld,_2001,_p._366-13] Schoenfeld, 2001, p. 366.

[Hanson-14] Hanson, Victor Davis. "Culture and Carnage: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power"

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