Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation (arti harfiah: 'pengucapan umum') sering disingkat sebagai RP, adalah aksen baku bahasa Inggris Britania. RP memiliki hubungan dengan aksen-aksen regional yang mirip dengan hubungan antar aksen standar dan aksen regional di bahasa-bahasa Eropa lainnya.[1] Dalam Concise Oxford English Dictionary, RP didefinisikan sebagai "aksen standar bahasa Inggris yang dituturkan di Inggris Selatan",[2] namun saat ini sudah tersebar di seluruh Inggris dan Wales.[3][4] Peter Trudgill memperkirakan pada tahun 1974 bahwa 3% penduduk Britania adalah penutur aksen RP.[5]
Meski tidak adanya unsur intrinsik dalam RP membuat RP lebih superior ketimbang variasi aksen lain, sejumlah faktor sosiolinguistik membuat RP terdengar lebih prestisius di beberapa daerah di Britania.[6] RP dianggap sebagai aksen orang-orang yang memiliki kekuasaan, harta, dan pengaruh, tetapi belakangan ini RP dipandang negatif dan dikaitkan dengan hak-hak yang tidak pantas dimiliki penuturnya.[7][8] Sejak 1960-an, sikap pembiaran terhadap aksen regional bahasa Inggris masih bertahan di dunia pendidikan[9] dan media di Britania.
Penting sekali untuk membedakan Received Pronunciation – 'aksen' standar – dengan variasi aksen standar bahasa Inggris di Inggris yang biasanya dijuluki "Standard English", "the Queen's English", "Oxford English", atau "BBC English". Studi RP lebih mempelajari pengucapannya, sedangkan studi bahasa standar ikut mempelajari tata bahasa, kosakata, dan gaya bahasa. Seseorang yang beraksen RP biasanya menggunakan bahasa Inggris Standar, tetapi tidak sebaliknya (e.g. bahasa standar dapat diucapkan dengan aksen regional seperti aksen Skotlandia atau Yorkshire; namun aksen RP tidak bisa dipakai oleh seseorang yang bisa berbahasa Skot atau dialek Yorkshire).
Penutur terkenal sunting
John C. Wells, ahli fonetik Britania Raya, telah mengidentifikasi orang-orang berikut sebagai penutur RP:
- Keluarga Kerajaan Britania Raya[10][11]
- David Cameron, mantan Perdana Menteri Britania Raya[12]
- Boris Johnson, Menteri Luar Negeri Britania Raya[13]
- Rowan Williams, mantan Uskup Agung Canterbury[10]
- David Attenborough, penyiar dan naturalis[14]
- Rupert Everett, aktor[13]
- Chris Huhne, mantan Menteri Energi dan Perubahan Iklim.[15]
- Justin Welby, Uskup Agung Canterbury[10]
Lihat pula sunting
Catatan kaki sunting
- ^ McDavid (1965), hlm. 255.
- ^ Pearsall (1999), hlm. xiv.
- ^ Jack Windsor Lewis (15 July 2008). "General British Pronunciation". Yek.me.uk – PhonetiBlog.
- ^ Wells (2008), hlm. xiv.
- ^ Trudgill, Peter (8 December 2000). "Sociolinguistics of Modern RP". University College London. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2012.
- ^ Hudson (1981), hlm. 337.
- ^ Crystal, David (March 2007). "Language and Time". BBC voices. BBC. Diakses tanggal 18 April 2011.
- ^ McArthur (2002), hlm. 43.
- ^ Fishman (1977), hlm. 319.
- ^ a b c Wells, John (3 May 2011). "the evidence of the vows". John Wells's phonetic blog.
- ^ Wells, John (11 July 2007). "Any young U-RP speakers?".
- ^ Wells, John (8 April 2010). "EE, yet again". John Wells's phonetic blog.
- ^ a b Wells, John (12 June 2008). "RP back in fashion?".
- ^ Wells, John (8 November 2010). "David Attenborough". John Wells's phonetic blog.
- ^ Wells, John (21 October 2011). "Longannet". John Wells's phonetic blog.
Daftar pustaka sunting
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521637510
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-12-28, diakses tanggal 2014-12-09
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2013) [2003], Practical phonetics and phonology: a resource book for students, Oxford: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415506496
- Cruttenden, Alan, ed. (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (edisi ke-7th), Hodder
- Crystal, David (2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (edisi ke-2), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-53033-4
- Crystal, David (2005), The Stories of English, Penguin
- DuPonceau, Peter S. (1818), "English phonology; or, An essay towards an analysis and description of the component sounds of the English language.", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1, hlm. 259–264
- Ellis, Alexander J. (1869), On early English pronunciation, New York, (1968): Greenwood Press
- Elmes, Simon (2005), Talking for Britain: A journey through the voices of our nation, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-051562-3
- Fishman, Joshua (1977), ""Standard" versus "Dialect" in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context", The Modern Language Journal, 61 (7): 315–325, doi:10.2307/324550, JSTOR 324550
- Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold
- Gimson, Alfred C. (1980), Pronunciation of English (edisi ke-3rd)
- Gupta, Anthea Fraser (2005), "Baths and becks", English Today, 21 (1): 21–27, doi:10.1017/S0266078405001069, ISSN 0266-0784
- Halle, Morris; Mohanan, K. P. (1985), "Segmental Phonology of Modern English", Linguistic Inquiry, The MIT Press, 16 (1): 57–116, JSTOR 4178420
- Hudson, Richard (1981), "Some Issues on Which Linguists Can Agree", Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 333–343, doi:10.1017/S0022226700007052
- Jenkins, Jennifer (2000), The Phonology of English as an International Language, Oxford
- Jones, Daniel (1917), English Pronouncing Dictionary (edisi ke-1st), London: Dent
- Jones, Daniel (1926), English Pronouncing Dictionary (edisi ke-2nd)
- Jones, Daniel (1967), An Outline of English Phonetics (edisi ke-9th), Heffer
- Jones, Daniel (2011), Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, ed., Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (edisi ke-18), Cambridge University Press
- de Jong, Gea; McDougall, Kirsty; Hudson, Toby; Nolan, Francis (2007), "The speaker discriminating power of sounds undergoing historical change: A formant-based study", the Proceedings of ICPhS Saarbrücken, hlm. 1813–1816
- Ladefoged, Peter (2004), Vowels and Consonants, Thomson
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum
- McArthur, Tom (2002), The Oxford Guide to World English, Oxford University Press
- McDavid, Raven I. (1965), "American Social Dialects", College English, 26 (4): 254–260, doi:10.2307/373636, JSTOR 373636
- Mugglestone, Lynda (2003), 'Talking Proper': The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press
- Newbrook, Mark (1999), "West Wirral: norms, self-reports and usage", dalam Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerald J., Urban Voices, hlm. 90–106
- Pearsall, Judy, ed. (1999), The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (edisi ke-10th)
- Petyt, K. M. (1985), Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Roach, Peter (2009), English Phonetics and Phonology (edisi ke-4th), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-40718-4
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Rogaliński, Paweł (2011), British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English, Łódź, ISBN 978-83-272-3282-3
- Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 321–328, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131
- Shockey, Linda (2003), Sound Patterns of Spoken English, Blackwell
- Trudgill, Peter (1999), The Dialects of England, Blackwell
- Upton, Clive (2004), "Received Pronunciation", A Handbook of Varieties of English, Walter de Gruyter, hlm. 217–230
- Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A.; Konopka, Rafal (2001), Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (1970), "Local accents in England and Wales", Journal of Linguistics, 6 (2): 231–252, doi:10.1017/S0022226700002632
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29719-2
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (edisi ke-3rd), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
- Wiik, K. (1965), Finnish and English Vowels, B, 94, Annales Universitatis Turkensis
- Wikström, Jussi (2013), "An acoustic study of the RP English LOT and THOUGHT vowels", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 37–47, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000345
- Wise, Claude Merton (1957), Introduction to phonetics, Englewood Cliffs
- Wright, Joseph (1905), English Dialect Grammar
- Wyld, Henry C. K. (1927), A short history of English (edisi ke-3rd), London: Murray
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- BBC page on Upper RP as spoken by the English upper-classes
- Sounds Familiar? – Listen to examples of received pronunciation on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
- 'Hover & Hear' R.P., and compare it with other accents from the UK and around the World.
- Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation? – An article by the phonetician J. C. Wells about received pronunciation
Komentar mengenai RP
- John Wells's phonetic blog
- Jack Windsor Lewis's PhonetiBlog
- Linguism – Language in a word, blog by Graham Pointon of the BBC Pronunciation Unit
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