Sukma
genus tumbuh-tumbuhan
Viola atau dikenal secara lokal sebagai sukma[2], antanan kembang, atau cecalung (bahasa Inggris : violet, pansy) adalah genus tumbuhan berbunga terbesar dalam famili Violaceae, yang berisi sekitar 525-600 spesies tumbuhan. Sebagian besar spesies ditemukan di Belahan Bumi Utara yang beriklim sedang, namun beberapa juga ditemukan di daerah seperti Hawaii, Australasia, dan Andes. Beberapa spesiesnya merupakan tanaman tahunan, beberapa tanaman tahunan, dan beberapa semak kecil. Banyak spesies, varietas, dan kultivarnya yang ditanam di taman sebagai tanaman hias. Salah satu bunga sukma yang ada di Indonesia adalah sukma sumatra atau Viola sumatranensis.
| Sukma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Viola canina | |
Klasifikasi ilmiah 
| |
| Kerajaan: | Plantae |
| Klad: | Tracheophyta |
| Klad: | Angiospermae |
| Klad: | Eudikotil |
| Klad: | Rosid |
| Ordo: | Malpighiales |
| Famili: | Violaceae |
| Subfamili: | Violoideae |
| Tribus: | Violeae |
| Genus: | Viola L.[1] |
| Spesies | |
|
Lihat teks | |
Bunga sukma ada yang merupakan tumbuhan menahun , ada pula yang merupakan tumbuhan semusim , dan ada pula yang berupa perdu kecil . Banyak spesies, varietas dan kultivar ditanam di taman untuk dijadikan bunga hias. Dalam hortikultura, istilah bunga sukma biasanya digunakan untuk kultivar beraneka warna dan berbunga besar yang ditanam setiap tahun atau dua tahun sekali dari biji dan digunakan secara luas sebagai bibit bunga.
- Viola abyssinica
- Viola acuminata
- Viola adunca
- Viola aetolica
- Viola affinis
- Viola alba
- Viola albanica
- Viola allchariensis
- Viola alpina
- Viola altaica
- Viola angustifolia[5][6]
- Viola appalachiensis
- Viola arborescens
- Viola arsenica
- Viola arvensis
- Viola aurea
- Viola babunensis
- Viola bakeri
- Viola banksii
- Viola beckwithii
- Viola bertolonii
- Viola betonicifolia
- Viola bicolor
- Viola biflora
- Viola blanda
- Viola bornmuelleri
- Viola brevistipulata
- Viola brittoniana
- Viola calaminaria
- Viola calcarata
- Viola caleyana
- Viola californica
- Viola canadensis
- Viola canescens
- Viola canina
- Viola cazorlensis
- Viola cenisia
- Viola chaerophylloides
- Viola chamissoniana
- Viola changii[7]
- Viola charlestonensis
- Viola cheiranthifolia
- Viola chinensis
- Viola cleistogamoides
- Viola collina
- Viola comollia
- Viola cornuta
- Viola corsica
- Viola crassa
- Viola cucullata
- Viola cuicochensis
- Viola culminis
- Viola cuneata
- Viola cunninghamii
- Viola curtisii
- Viola declinata
- Viola decumbens
- Viola delphinantha
- Viola diffusa
- Viola dissecta
- Viola douglasii
- Viola dubyana
- Viola dukadjinica
- Viola egglestonii
- Viola elatior
- Viola elegantula
- Viola eminens
- Viola epipsila
- Viola eugeniae
- Viola fimbriatula
- Viola flettii
- Viola frank-smithii
- Viola fuscoviolacea
- Viola glabella
- Viola gostivarensis
- Viola gracilis
- Viola grisebachiana
- Viola grypoceras
- Viola guadalupensis
- Viola guangzhouensis[8]
- Viola guestphalica
- Viola hallii
- Viola hastata
- Viola hederacea
- Viola helenae
- Viola herzogi
- Viola hirsutula
- Viola hirta
- Viola hispida
- Viola howellii
- Viola incisa
- Viola incognita
- Viola japonica
- Viola jinggangshanensis[3]
- Viola jooi
- Viola kauaensis
- Viola keiskei
- Viola kitaibeliana
- Viola kosaninii
- Viola labradorica
- Viola lactea
- Viola lanaiensis
- Viola lanceolata
- Viola langsdorffii
- Viola libanotica
- Viola lilliputana
- Viola lithion
- Viola littoralis
- Viola lobata
- Viola lutea
- Viola lyallii[9]
- Viola macloskeyi
- Viola mandshurica
- Viola maoershanensis[10]
- Viola maviensis
- Viola mirabilis
- Viola missouriensis
- Viola montana
- Viola muliensis[11]
- Viola munbyana
- Viola nanlingensis[4]
- Viola nephrophylla
- Viola nitida[10]
- Viola novae-angliae
- Viola nuttallii
- Viola oahuensis
- Viola obliqua
- Viola obtusa
- Viola ocellata
- Viola odorata
- Viola orbiculata
- Viola orientalis
- Viola orphanidis
- Viola palmata[12]
- Viola palustris
- Viola patrinii
- Viola pedata
- Viola pedatifida
- Viola pedunculata
- Viola persicifolia
- Viola pinetorum
- Viola pinnata
- Viola praemorsa
- Viola primulifolia
- Viola prionantha
- Viola psychodes
- Viola pubescens
- Viola pumila
- Viola purpurea
- Viola pyrenaica (Ramond ex DC.)
- Viola rafinesquei
- Viola reichenbachiana
- Viola reichei
- Viola renifolia
- Viola riviniana
- Viola rostrata
- Viola rotundifolia
- Viola rupestris
- Viola sagittata
- Viola schariensis
- Viola selkirkii
- Viola sempervirens
- Viola septemloba
- Viola septentrionalis
- Viola sheltonii
- Viola sieberiana
- Viola silicestris
- Viola slavikii
- Viola sororia
- Viola stipularis
- Viola stojanowii
- Viola stoloniflora
- Viola striata
- Viola suavis
- Viola subsinuata
- Viola tokubuchiana
- Viola tomentosa
- Viola tricolor
- Viola triloba
- Viola trinervata
- Viola tripartita
- Viola ucriana
- Viola uliginosa[13]
- Viola umbraticola
- Viola utahensis
- Viola vaginata
- Viola valderia
- Viola vallicola
- Viola variegata
- Viola verecunda
- Viola viarum
- Viola villosa
- Viola violacea
- Viola wailenalenae
- Viola walteri
- Viola yedoensis[14]
- Spesies hibrida
- Viola × bernardii
- Viola × bissellii
- Viola × brauniae
- Viola × conjugens
- Viola × consobrina
- Viola × consocia
- Viola × cooperrider
- Viola × cordifolia
- Viola × davisii
- Viola × eamesii
- Viola × eclipes
- Viola × filicetorum
- Viola × hollickii
- Viola × insolita
- Viola × luciae
- Viola × malteana
- Viola × mistura
- Viola × modesta
- Viola × mollicula
- Viola × mulfordiae
- Viola × notabilis
- Viola × peckiana
- Viola × porteriana
- Viola × primulifolia
- Viola × ravida
- Viola × redacta
- Viola × ryoniae
- Viola × slavinii
- Viola × wittrockiana
- Viola × wujekii
Referensi
sunting- ^ Linnaeus 1753.
- ^ "Keanekaragaman tumbuhan obat di dataran tinggi dieng".
- ^ a b Ning, Z. L., et al. (2012). Viola jinggangshanensis (Violaceae), a new species from Jiangxi, China. Annales Botanici Fennici 49(5) 383-86.
- ^ a b Zhou, J. S., et al. (2008). Viola nanlingensis (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China. Annales Botanici Fennici 45(3) 233-36.
- ^ Watson, J.M. (2019). "Lest we forget. A new identity and status for a Viola of section Andinium W. Becker; named for an old and treasured friend and companion. Plus another..." (PDF). International Rock Gardener (117). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-10-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-10-01.
- ^ "Viola wikipedia". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 27 October 2020.
- ^ Zhou, J. S. and F. W. Xing. (2007). Viola changii sp. nov.(Violaceae) from Guangdong, southern China.[pranala nonaktif permanen] Nordic Journal of Botany 25(5‐6) 303-05. DOI: 10.1111/j.0107-055X.2008.00198.x
- ^ Anqiang, D., et al. (2009). A new species of Viola (Violaceae) from Guangdong, China. Novon 19(4) 457-60.
- ^ New Zealand Plant Conservation Network – Viola lyallii
- ^ a b Chen, Y. S. and Q. E. Yang. (2009). Two new stoloniferous species of Viola (Violaceae) from China. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 159(2) 349-56.
- ^ Chen, Y. S. and Q. E. Yang. (2005). A new species of Viola L.(Violaceae) from Sichuan, China. Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 149(3) 365-68. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00447.x
- ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. hlm. 116. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
- ^ Slazak, B., Sliwinska, E., Saługa, M. et al. Micropropagation of Viola uliginosa (Violaceae) for endangered species conservation and for somaclonal variation-enhanced cyclotide biosynthesis. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 120, 179–190 (2015). doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0592-3
- ^ "Sukma". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database.