Tamilakam
Tamilakam (Tamil: தமிழகம்) mengacu pada daerah yang dihuni oleh bangsa Tamil Kuno. Tamilakam meliput Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Lakshadwip, dan bagian selatan Andhra Pradesh dan Karnataka.[1] Catatan tradisional berjudul Tolkāppiyam menyebut wilayah ini sebagai wilayah budaya tunggal, dengan bahasa Tamil sebagai bahasa ibu[catatan 1] dan budaya semua penduduknya.[catatan 2] Negara Tamil kuno dibagi menjadi beberapa kerajaan. Yang paling terkenal dari kerajaan-kerajaan itu adalah Chera, Chola, Pandya, dan Pallawa. Selama Zaman Sangam, budaya Tamil mulai menyebar ke luar Tamilakam.[4]
Catatan sunting
- ^ Thapar menyebutkan adanya bahasa umum dari kelompok Dravida: "Asoka dalam prasastinya mengacu pada orang-orang India Selatan sebagai Chola, Chera, Pandya, dan Satiyaputra - wilayah budaya Tamilakam - disebut demikian pada bahasa utama dari Rumpun bahasa Dravida pada saat itu, Tamil".[2]
- ^ Lihat referensi Kanakasabhai.[3]
Referensi sunting
Catatan kaki sunting
- ^ Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1 January 1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120601451.
- ^ Thapar 2004, hlm. 229.
- ^ Kanakasabhai 1904, hlm. 10.
- ^ Singh 2009, hlm. 384.
Daftar pustaka sunting
- Abraham, Shinu (2003). "Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India". Asian Perspectives. 42 (2): 207–223. doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0031. hdl:10125/17189
. - John E. Cort, ed. (1998), Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-3785-X
- Aiyangar, Muttusvami Srinivasa (1986). Tamil studies: essays on the history of the Tamil people, language, religion, and literature. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120600294. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2012.
- Aiyaṅgār, Sākkoṭṭai Krishṇaswāmi (1994). Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0966-2.
- Deegalle, Mahinda (2006). "Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka". Routledge.
- Hanumanthan, Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan (1979). "Untouchability: a historical study upto 1500 A.D. : with special reference to Tamil Nadu". Koodal Publishers.
- Holt, John (2011). "The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics". Duke University Press.
- Indrapala, K. (1969). "Early Tamil settlements in Ceylon". Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1969, XIII:54.
- Kanakasabhai, V (1904). The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120601505.
- Krishnan, Shankara (1999). Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. University of Minnesota Press. hlm. 172. ISBN 0-8166-3330-4.
- Mahadevan, Iravatham (2002). "Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 8 (1). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 July 2007.
- Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987). "Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka". University of Hawaii Press.
- Rajayyan, K. (2005). "Tamil Nadu, a real history". Ratna Publications.
- Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1997). Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
- Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5379-9.
- Reddy, L.R. (2003). "Sri Lanka: Past and Present". APH Publishing.
- Singh, Upinder (2009). "A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century". Pearson Education India.
- Smith, Vincent A. (1999). The Early History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-618-1.
- Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520242258.
- Wenzlhuemer, Roalnd (2008). "From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880-1900: An Economic and Social History". BRILL.
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). "The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India". Leiden: Brill.
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). "Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature". BRILL.
