Timbunan Kabul

Timbunan Kabul
Chaman Hazouri hoard
	Sebuah imitasi Iran akhir dari tetradrachm Athena abad ke-5, yang dicetak di bawah kekuasaan Akhemeniyah, jenis tersebut ditemukan di timbunan Kabul (tertanggal 380 SM).
	Lokasi di Afganistan
Koordinat	34°30′53.28″N 69°11′42″E / 34.5148000°N 69.19500°E
Jenis	Timbunan koin

Timbunan Kabul, juga disebut Chaman Hazouri, Chaman Hazouri atau timbunan Tchamani-i Hazouri,^[3]^[4] adalah sebuah timbunan koin yang ditemukan di sekitaran Kabul, Afganistan pada 1933. Koleksi tersebut berisi sejumlah koin Akhemeniyah serta beberapa koin Yunani dari abad ke-5 dan ke-4 SM.^[5] Sekitar ribuan koin terhitung dalam timbunan tersebut.^[3]^[4]

Referensi

^ Cribb, Dating India's Earliest Coins 1985, hlm. 548: "The Iranian imitations were close copies of silver tetradrachms of Athens; the latest Greek coin of the Chaman Hazuri hoard is an example of these Iranian copies of an Athenian coin."
^ Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992, hlm. 56–57: "The Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained (...) a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm (no.6)" and "No.6: Coins of this type have been found in the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul and a hoard from Babylon, both deposited c.350 BC"
^ ^a ^b Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000, hlm. 300-301.
^ ^a ^b 106. Kabul: Chaman-i Hazouri Diarsipkan 2020-06-10 di Wayback Machine., Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University and US Department of Defense, retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992, hlm. 57–59: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BC, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region."

Daftar pustaka

Alram, Michael (2016), "The Coinage of the Persian Empire", dalam William E. Metcalf, The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, Oxford University Press, hlm. 61–, ISBN 9780199372188
Bivar, Adrian David Hugh (1971), "Hoard of Ingot-Currency of the Median Period from Nūsh-i Jān, near Malayir", IRAN: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, Volume IX, hlm. 97–111
Bopearachchi, Osmund (2000), "Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)", Indologica Taurinensia, International Association of Sanskrit Studies, 25
Bopearachchi, Osmund (2017), "Achaemenids and Mauryans: Emergence of Coins and Plastic Arts in India", dalam Alka Patel; Touraj Daryaee, India and Iran in the Longue Durée, UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies, hlm. 15–48
Bopearachchi, Osmund; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", dalam Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie, The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan, Ancient India and Iran Trust, hlm. 56–59, ISBN 978-0-9518399-1-1
Cribb, Joe (1983), "Investigating the introduction of coinage in India - A review of recent research", Journal of the Numismatic Society of India: 80–101
Cribb, J. (1985), "Dating India's Earliest Coins", dalam J. Schotsmans; M. Taddei, South Asian Archaeology, 1983: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologistan in Westeren Europe Held in the Musees Royaux d'art et d'histoire, Brussels, Naples: Istituto Universario Orientale, hlm. 535–554
Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975), Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2
Oliver, Graham (2013), "Coinage", dalam Nigel Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0
Kagan, J. (2009), "Archaic Greek Coins East of the Tigris: Evidence for Circulation" (PDF), Proceedings of the XIVth International Numismatic Congress, Glasgow, hlm. 230–234 ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Goyal, Shankar (1999), "The Origin and Antiquity of Coinage in India", Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 80 (1/4): 125–154, JSTOR 41694581
Magee, Peter; Petrie, Cameron; Knox, Richard; Khan, Farid; Thomas, Ken (2005), "The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan", American Journal of Archaeology, 109: 711–741
Olmstead, A. T. (1948), History of the Persian Empire, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-62777-9

Pranala luar

Photographic inventory of the Kabul hoard in the Kabul Museum (now disappeared after looting in 1992-1994), by Daniel Schlumberger in Trésors Monétaires d'Afghanistan (1953):

[Cribb_Iranian_imitation-1] Cribb, Dating India's Earliest Coins 1985, hlm. 548: "The Iranian imitations were close copies of silver tetradrachms of Athens; the latest Greek coin of the Chaman Hazuri hoard is an example of these Iranian copies of an Athenian coin."

[2] Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992, hlm. 56–57: "The Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained (...) a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm (no.6)" and "No.6: Coins of this type have been found in the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul and a hoard from Babylon, both deposited c.350 BC"

[FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300-301-3] Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000, hlm. 300-301.

[CEMML_Chaman_Hazouri-4] 106. Kabul: Chaman-i Hazouri Diarsipkan 2020-06-10 di Wayback Machine., Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University and US Department of Defense, retrieved 26 October 2018.

[Bopearachchi_&_Cribb_Chaman_Hazouri-5] Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992, hlm. 57–59: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BC, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region."

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