Pesta Olahraga Isthmia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Asal ==
[[Theseus]], raja legendaris [[Sejarah Athena|Athena]], memperluas permainan pemakaman Melikertes dari ritus malam
Jika kita menerima tanggal tradisional dari Pertandingan Olimpiade pertama (776 SM), kita dapat mengatakan bahwa Pertandingan Isthmia pertama diadakan pada tahun 582 SM.<ref>According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were constituted in the 49th [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Olympiad Olympiad] ([//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Solinus Solinus], ''Wonders of the World'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14]). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in [http://www.friesian.com/apology.htm#note-1 July/August]; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by historically-derived documents, for instance, ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Der_neue_Pauly Der neue Pauly]'' (under ''Isthmia'').</ref>
Setidaknya sampai abad ke-5 SM (masa [[Pindaros]]) pemenang pertandingan Isthmia menerima karangan bunga seledri;<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Ancient_Greek Ancient Greek] σέλινον: [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pindar Pindar], Isthmian Odes [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+2 2.16], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+8 8.64].</ref> kemudian, karangan bunga diubah sedemikian rupa sehingga terdiri dari daun [[Tusam|pinus]].<ref>“At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus.” ([//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer) Pausanias], ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%208.48 8.48.2]).</ref><ref>“As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token, because this is the herb with which we not infrequently adorn the sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of nothing but parsley. So to ease their minds, and free them from any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted, and concluded an address suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory: the same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.” “26.
(1.)
όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι
(2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑
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Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5)
(4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν
(5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.}}” (Plutarch, ''[http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/timoleon.html Life of Timoleon]'').</ref><ref>'''Todo:''' Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 66 (1962), pp.259–263.</ref> Para pemenang juga bisa dihormati dengan patung<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.1.7 2.1.7]. None of the statues have survived.</ref> atau [[Pindaros|ode]].
== Sejarah ==
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Dari tahun 228 SM atau 229 SM seterusnya orang-orang Romawi diizinkan untuk mengambil bagian dalam permainan.<ref>Polybius, ''Histories'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plb.%202.12 2.12.8].</ref>
Pertandingan pada tahun 196 SM digunakan oleh [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] untuk mendeklarasikan kebebasan negara-negara Yunani dari hegemoni [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]].<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Polybius Polybius], ''Histories'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Aid%3Db18c46 18.46].</ref> Bandingkan catatan [[Appianos]]
Setelah itu ada teriakan dan kegembiraan yang luar biasa dan adegan riuh kegirangan; dan kelompok-kelompok di sana-sini memanggil kembali bentara agar dia bisa mengulangi kata-katanya untuk mereka. Mereka melemparkan mahkota dan fillet ke jendral dan memilih patung-patung untuknya di kota-kota mereka. Mereka mengirim duta besar dengan mahkota emas ke ibukota di Roma untuk mengucapkan terima kasih, dan menyebut diri mereka sebagai sekutu orang-orang Romawi. Begitulah akhir perang kedua antara Romawi dan Filipus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Appian, Roman History|url=http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia2.html|publisher=livius.org|access-date=2018-12-18|archive-date=2008-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026082543/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia2.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}}
Sejak awal permainan, Korintus selalu mengendalikan mereka. Ketika [[Korintus|Korintus dihancurkan]] oleh [[Republik Romawi|Romawi]] pada tahun 146 SM, pertandingan Isthmia berlanjut,<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.2 2.2.1].</ref> tetapi sekarang dikelola oleh [[Sikyon]]. Korintus dibangun kembali oleh Kaisar pada tahun 44 SM.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 2.1.2.</ref> Korintus memulihkan kepemilikan dari Pertandingan pada suatu saat antara tahun 7 SM dan 3 M.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Pertandingan Isthmia kemudian berkembang sampai Theodosius I menekan mereka sebagai ritual [[Paganisme|pagan]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}▼
▲Sejak awal permainan, Korintus selalu mengendalikan mereka. Ketika [[Korintus|Korintus dihancurkan]] oleh [[Republik Romawi|Romawi]] pada tahun 146 SM, pertandingan Isthmia berlanjut,<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.2 2.2.1].</ref> tetapi sekarang dikelola oleh [[Sikyon]].
== Kontes ==
Sebanding dengan Olimpiade. Di antara kompetisi lainnya adalah:<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.4].</ref>
* [[Balap kereta perang|Balap kereta]], hanya untuk pria
* [[Pankration]], hanya untuk pria
* [[Gulat]], hanya untuk pria
* [[Acara bakat|Kontes musik dan puisi]], di mana wanita diizinkan untuk berpartisipasi.<ref>Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, ''Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales'' 675b7–10 [http://www.litfix.co.uk/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter5.html#section50 5.2]
[[Kategori:Galat templat Webarchive]]▼
* [[Tinju]],<ref>1 Corinthians 9:26</ref> hanya untuk pria
== Pemenangan terkenal ==
Pada tahun 216 SM, [[Kleitomachos|Kleitomachos dari Thiva]] memenangkan gulat, tinju dan pankration pada hari yang sama.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+6.15.3 6.15.3].</ref>
== Gencatan senjata Isthmia ==
Sebelum Pertandingan dimulai, gencatan senjata dinyatakan oleh Korintus untuk memberi jalan yang aman kepada para atlet melalui Yunani.<ref>”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.1]).</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
▲* The Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia
== Catatan ==
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== Pranala luar ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212145/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104a/e211da07.html The '''Sanctuary''' of Poseidon] at the [http://www.culture.gr Hellenic Ministry of Culture].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212238/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104m/e211dm06.html Archaeological '''Museum''' of Isthmia].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070204112158/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/isthmia.html University of Chicago '''Excavations''' at Isthmia].
* Perseus Site Catalog: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0042&query=Isthmia Isthmia].
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Games, Classical |volume=11 |pages=443–446 |first=Francis |last=Storr |short=1}}
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▲[[Kategori:Galat templat Webarchive]]
[[Kategori:Pertandingan Panhellenik]]
[[Kategori:Festival di Yunani kuno]]
[[Kategori:Korinthia kuno]]
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