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{{Love sidebar|types}}
 
== HistorySejarah ==
In the pastDulu, marriagesperkawinan indi mostsebagian societiesbesar weremasyarakat [[Arranged marriagePerjodohan|arrangeddiatur byoleh parentsorangtua]] anddan olderkerabat relativestua withdengan thetujuan goalpewarisan notdan being"kestabilan [[love]]ekonomi butdan legacy andaliansi politik"economic, stabilitybukan and political alliances"[[cinta]], accordingmenurut topara [[Anthropology|anthropologistsantropolog]].<ref name="twsDecM11">{{cite journal|author1=Kris Paap|author2=Douglas Raybeck|year=2005|title=A Differently Gendered Landscape: Gender and Agency in the Web-based Personals|trans-title=Lanskap Berbeda Gender: Jenis Kelamin dan Agensi pada Hal Pribadi Berbasis Web|journal=Electronic Journal of Sociology|quote=most marriages in the world are arranged...<br>[sebagian besar perkawinan di dunia berupa perjodohan...]|citeseerx=10.1.1.107.993}}</ref> Accordingly,Oleh therekarena wasitu, littletidak needada forkebutuhan aperiode temporaryuji trialcoba periodsementara suchseperti aspacaran courtshipsebelum beforehubungan apermanen permanentyang community-recognizeddiakui unionkomunitas wasdibentuk formedantara betweenpria adan man and a womanwanita. WhileWalaupun pair-bondsberbagai ofjenis varyingpasangan formsdiakui wereoleh recognizedsebagian bybesar mostmasyarakat societiessebagai ashubungan acceptablesosial socialyang arrangementscocok, marriageperkawinan wasdibatasi reservedke forpasangan heterosexualheteroseksual pairingsdan and had amemiliki transactionalsifat naturetransaksional, wheredimana wivesistri weresering inmenjadi manybentuk casesproperti ayang formditukarkan ofantara propertyayah beingdan exchanged between father and husbandsuami, anddan whoharus wouldmelayani havefungsi to serve the function of reproductionreproduksi. CommunitiesDi exerted[[Eropa]], pressuremasyarakat onmenekan peopleorang tountuk form pair-bonds in places such as [[Europe]]berpasangan; indi [[ChinaTiongkok]], societymasyarakat "demandedmenuntut peopleorang getmelakukan marriedperkawinan beforesebelum havingmemiliki ahubungan sexual relationshipseksual"<ref name="twsDecI22bb">{{cite news|date=2005-11-11|title=Parents explore dating scene for choosy children|trans-title=Orangtua menjelajahi tempat kencan untuk anak yang rewel|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|newspaper=China Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429155251/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|archive-date=2010-04-29|access-date=2010-12-09|quote=... in earlier times society demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship.<br>[pada zaman dahulu masyarakat menuntut orang melakukan perkawinan sebelum memiliki hubungan seksual.]|url-status=live}}</ref> anddan manybanyak societiesmasyarakat foundmenemukan thatbahwa somesuatu formallyhubungan recognizedyang bonddiakui betweensecara aresmi manantara andpria adan womanwanita wasadalah thecara bestterbaik waymembesarkan ofdan rearingmendidik and[[anak]] educatingsekaligus menghindari konflik dan kesalahpahaman mengenai kompetisi untuk pasangan.[[ChildBerkas:DickseeRomeoandJuliet.jpg|childrenka|jmpl|Pertemuan rahasia antara Romeo dan Julia dalam [[Romeo dan Julia|drama Shakespeare]]. asLukisan welloleh as[[Sir helpingFrank toDicksee]], avoid1884]]Umumnya, conflictsselama banyak sejarah tercatat peradaban manusia, dan hingga [[Abad Pertengahan]] di [[Eropa]], perkawinan dipandang sebagai pengaturan [[bisnis]] antar-keluarga, sementara percintaan adalah sesuatu yang terjadi di luar perkawinan secara diam-diam, seperti pertemuan rahasia.<ref name="twsDecH34a">{{cite news|date=24 Januari 2009|title=Raw dater|trans-title=Penkencan mentah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135030/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|archive-date=2013-11-09|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=..."True love can have no place between husband and misunderstandingswife," regarding...<br>[..." competitionTidak forada tempat cinta sejati antara suami dan istri," mates...]|url-status=live}}</ref> Buku abad ke-12 [[Seni Cinta Bahaduri|''Seni Cinta Bahaduri'']] mengatakan "Tidak ada tempat cinta sejati antara suami dan istri".<ref name="twsDecH34a" /> Menurut salah satu pandangan, pertemuan rahasia antara pria dan wanita, secara umum di luar/sebelum perkawinan, adalah pendahulu pacaran sekarang.<ref name="twsDecH34a" />
[[Berkas:DickseeRomeoandJuliet.jpg|ka|jmpl|The clandestine meeting between Romeo and Juliet in [[Romeo and Juliet|Shakespeare's play]]. Painting by [[Frank Dicksee|Sir Frank Dicksee]], 1884]]
Generally, during much of recorded history of humans in civilization, and into the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Europe]], marriages were seen as [[business]] arrangements between families, while romance was something that happened outside of marriage discreetly, such as covert meetings.<ref name="twsDecH34a">{{cite news|date=24 January 2009|title=Raw dater|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135030/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|archive-date=2013-11-09|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=..."True love can have no place between husband and wife," ...|url-status=live}}</ref> The 12th-century book ''[[De amore (Andreas Capellanus)|The Art of Courtly Love]]'' advised that "True love can have no place between husband and wife."<ref name="twsDecH34a" /> According to one view, clandestine meetings between men and women, generally outside of marriage or before marriage, were the precursors to today's courtship.<ref name="twsDecH34a" />
 
FromSejak aboutsekitar tahun 1700, a worldwide{{Fact?|date=March 2023span|reason=WorldwideSedunia? OrAtau onlyhanya indi EuropeEropa?|text=pergerakan global|date=Maret 2023}}yang movementmungkin perhapsdapat describeddideskripsikan as thesebagai "empowerment of thepemberdayaan individualindividu"{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} tookmuncul hold,dan leadingmemicu towardsemansipasi greaterwanita emancipationdan ofkesetaraan womenindividu. andPria equalitydan ofwanita individuals. Men and womenmenjadi becamelebih moresetara equalsecara politicallypolitik, financiallyfinansial, anddan sociallysosial indi manybanyak nationsnegara. InPada theawal earlyabad 20th centurieske-20, womenwanita graduallyperlahan-lahan won themendapatkan [[Women'sHak suffragesuara perempuan|righthak to votesuara]] starting in the(pertama firstdi [[sovereignnegara nationbangsa]] pertama [[NorwayNorwegia]] inpada 1913), andmemiliki toproperti, owndan property and receivemendapatkan [[EqualityPersamaan beforedi thehadapan lawhukum|equalperlakuan treatmenthukum byyang the lawsama]], anddan theseperubahan changestersebut hadmenyebabkan profounddampak impactsbesar onterhadap thehubungan relationships between men and womenpria-wanita anddan parentalpengaruh influenceorangtua declinedmenurun. InDalam manybanyak societiesmasyarakat, individualsindividu coulddapat decide—onmemilih theirsendiri own—whetherapakah theymereka shouldsebaiknya marrymenikah, whomsiapa theyyang shouldmereka marrynikahi, anddan whenkapan theymereka shouldmenikah marry in adalam "courtship ritual wherepacaran youngdimana womenwanita entertainedmuda gentlemanmenghibur callerspenelpon pria, usuallybiasanya indi the homerumah, underdi thebawah watchful eye of apengawasan [[Chaperone (social)|chaperonependamping]]","<ref name=":29">{{cite news|author=Brenda Wilson|date=June 8, Juni 2009|title=Sex Without Intimacy: No Dating, No Relationships|trans-title=Seks Tanpa Keintiman: Tanpa Kencan, Tanpa Hubungan|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|work=National Public Radio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125191419/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|archive-date=2010-11-25|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=Dating itself ... evolved out of a courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, ...<br>[Kencan sendiri ... berevolusi dari ritual pacaran dimana wanita muda menghibur penelpon pria, biasanya di rumah, ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> buttetapi increasingly, indi manybanyak Westernnegara countriesBarat, itpacaran becamemulai amenjadi self-initiatedaktivitas activityyang withdimulai twosendiri youngdengan people2 goingorang outmuda asbepergian abersama couplesebagai inpasangan publicdi togethermasyarakat. StillNamun, courtshippacaran masih variesbanyak considerablybervariasi bymenurut nationnegara, customkebiasaan, religious upbringingagama, technologyteknologi, anddan socialkelas classsosial, anddan importantpengecualian exceptionspenting withmengenai regardskebebasan toindividu individualmasih freedomsada remainkarena asbanyak manynegara countriesmasih todaymelakukan stillperjodohan, practicememinta arranged[[harta marriagessesan]], requestdan dowries,melarang andhubungan forbidsesama same-sex pairingsjenis. AlthoughWalaupun inmenonton manyfilm countriesbersama, movies,makan mealsbersama, anddan meetingbertemu indi coffeehousesrumah andkopi otherdan placestempat islain, nowserta popular,buku aspanduan arestrategi advicepacaran booksuntuk suggestingpria various& strategieswanita forpopuler mendi andbanyak womennegara,<ref name="twsDecH26c">{{cite news|author=Maureen Dowd quoting poet Dorothy Parker|year=2005|title=What's a Modern Girl to Do?|trans-title=Apa yang Harus Dilakukan oleh Gadis Modern?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410033738/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|archive-date=2011-04-10|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=...What our grandmothers told us about playing hard to get is true. ...<br>[...Apa yang dikatakan nenek kita mengenai bermain keras untuk mendapatkannya itu benar. ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> indi otherbagian partsdunia oflain, theseperti world,Asia suchSelatan asdan inbanyak Southbagian AsiaTimur andTengah, manybersendirian partsdi ofmasyarakat thesebagai Middlepasangan East,tidak beinghanya alonedilarang intetapi publicbahkan asbisa amengakibatkan couplesalah issatu notorang onlydikucilkan frownedsecara uponsosial. but can even lead to either person being socially ostracized.
 
TheBuku 1849 book ''The Whole Art of Polite Courtship; Or the Ladies & Gentlemen's Love Letter Writer''<ref exemplifiesgroup="lower-alpha">Bahasa theIndonesia: importance''Seluruh ofSeni Pacaran Sopan; Atau Penulis Surat Cinta Pria & Wanita''</ref> menunjukkan pentingnya [[Love letter|lovesurat letterscinta]] indalam 19thpacaran centuryabad courtshipke-19 withdengan atujuan goal of marriageperkawinan.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book|date=1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrRFy1o5wKYC|title=The Whole Art of Polite Courtship; Or the Ladies & Gentlemen's Love Letter Writer: Being a Complete Collection of Information and Advice on the Subject of Love, with New Hints to be Observed for the Choice of a Husband|publisher=Webb. Millington & Company|language=en|trans-title=Seluruh Seni Pacaran Sopan; Atau Penulis Surat Cinta Pria & Wanita: Koleksi Informasi dan Saran Mengenai Cinta yang Lengkap, dengan Petunjuk-Petunjuk Baru yang Diperhatikan untuk Pemilihan Suami|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151007/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrRFy1o5wKYC|archive-date=2023-03-19|url-status=live}}</ref> TheBuku bookini containsmengandung 31 lovesampel lettersurat samplescinta foruntuk menpria anddan wanita womendalam inkarier differentyang careersberbeda, presumablykiranya forbagi readerspembaca tountuk drawmencari inspirationinspirasi whenketika writingmenulis theirkorespondensi ownromantis romanticmereka correspondencessendiri. Buku [[Etiquetteetiket]] books, suchseperti as the 1852buku ''Etiquette of Courtship and Matrimony,''<ref detailgroup="lower-alpha">Bahasa sociallyIndonesia: appropriate''Etiket waysPacaran todan meetPerkawinan''</ref> loverstahun 1852, courtmenjelaskan cara pantas menemui kekasih, arrangeberpacaran, amengadakan weddingupacara pernikahan, honeymoonberbulan madu, anddan avoidmenghindari argumentsargumen.<ref name=":28">{{Cite book|date=1852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8hYAAAAcAAJ|title=The Etiquette of Courtship and Matrimony: with a Complete Guide to the Forms of a Wedding|location=Etiket Pacaran dan Perkawinan: dengan Panduan Lengkap Jenis Upacara Pernikahan|publisher=George Routledge and Son|language=en|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151014/https://books.google.com/books?id=P8hYAAAAcAAJ|archive-date=2023-03-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
InPada theabad twentieth centuryke-20, courtshippacaran waskadang-kadang sometimesdipandang seensebagai aspendahulu aperkawinan, precursortetapi toitu marriagejuga butdapat itdilihat couldsebagai alsotujuan beakhir considereditu as an end-in-itselfsendiri, thatyaitu is,aktivitas ansosial informal social activity akin toseperti [[friendshippertemanan]]. ItItu generallyumumnya happenedterjadi in that portion of a person's life before the age ofsebelum marriageperkawinan,<ref name="twsDecH34b">{{cite news|date=24 JanuaryJanuari 2009|title=Raw dater|trans-title=Penkencan mentah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135030/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|archive-date=2013-11-09|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=24 was the average age for a person to get married in 1851....<br>[24 adalah umur rata-rata seseorang menikah pada 1851....]|url-status=live}}</ref> buttetapi asseiring marriagekekekalan becameperkawinan lessberkurang permanentdengan with the advent ofadanya [[divorceperceraian]], courtshippacaran couldjuga happendapat atterjadi otherpada timeswaktu inyang peoples lives as welllain. PeopleOrang becamelebih morebanyak mobilebergerak.<ref name="twsDecH24bb">{{cite news|author=Neil Offen|date=February 13, Februari 2010|title=Sociologists: Internet dating on the rise|trans-title=Sosiolog: Kencan Internet meningkat|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/humanities-social-science/sociology/13922241-1.html|newspaper=The Herald-Sun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924023213/http://www.allbusiness.com/humanities-social-science/sociology/13922241-1.html|archive-date=2011-09-24|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=..."But people are moving more now, they're not getting married at 22 and they are removed from their traditional social networks for mate selection..."<br>[..."Namun sekarang orang lebih banyak bergerak, mereka tidak menikah pada usia 22 tahun dan mereka dikeluarkan dari jaringan sosial tradisional mereka untuk pemilihan pasangan..."|url-status=live}}</ref> RapidlyTeknologi developingyang [[technology]]cepat playedberkembang amemiliki hugeperan roleyang sangat besar: new [[communicationteknologi technologykomunikasi]] suchbaru as theseperti [[telephonetelepon]],<ref name="twsDecIv24">{{cite news|author=Chester F. Jacobson|date=February7 7,Februari 2010|title=A long-ago first date: More than 60 years later, would that special girl remember me?|trans-title=Kencan pertama dahulu kala: Lebih dari 60 tahun kemudian, akankah gadis spesial itu mengingat saya?|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2010/02/07/a_long_ago_first_date/|newspaper=Boston Globe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223215521/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2010/02/07/a_long_ago_first_date/|archive-date=2010-12-23|access-date=2010-12-09|quote=After the movie, Finney and I took Helen home to her mother, ....<br>[Setelah filmnya, Finney dan saya membawa Helen pulang ke ibunya, ....]|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Internet]],<ref name="twsDecH21b">{{cite news|author=Sharon Jayson|date=2010-02-10|title=Internet changing the game of love|trans-title=Internet mengubah game cinta|url=https://www.usatoday.com/LIFE/usaedition/2010-02-11-couplesmeet11_CV_U.htm|newspaper=USA Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628203421/http://www.usatoday.com/LIFE/usaedition/2010-02-11-couplesmeet11_CV_U.htm|archive-date=2012-06-28|access-date=2010-12-08|quote="The rise of the Internet as a way of meeting people makes a bit of an end run around family," ...<br>["Bangkitnya internet sebagai cara bertemu dengan orang lain mengurangi pentingnya keluarga," ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> anddan [[textpesan messagingteks]]<ref name="twsDecNfaas" />{{cite enablednews|author=Vanessa rendezvousFuchs|date=16 Juni 2010|title=Shy guys switching on to betext arrangedmessage withoutcourtship face– and girls say it's OK|trans-title=Pria pemalu pindah ke pacaran melalui pesan teks – dan wanita mengatakan itu OK|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/shy-guys-switching-on-to-face contacttext-message-courtship-and-girls-say-its-ok/story-e6frer4f-1225880329000|newspaper=Courier-Mail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816063204/http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/shy-guys-switching-on-to-text-message-courtship-and-girls-say-its-ok/story-e6frer4f-1225880329000|archive-date=2012-08-16|access-date=2010-12-14|quote=... [[Effectsmen ofare more likely than women to ‘flirtext’ but for those who consider themselves in a relationship, women are more likely to engage in the automobileactivity.<br>[... onpria societieslebih banyak 'flirtext' (main mata melalui pesan teks) daripada wanita namun untuk orang yang berada dalam hubungan, wanita lebih banyak 'flirtext'.]|Carsurl-status=live}}</ref> memungkinkan pertemuan direncanakan tanpa kontak wajah-ke-wajah. [[Mobil]] extendedmemperluas thejangkauan rangepacaran ofserta courtshipmemungkinkan aseksplorasi wellseksual asdi enabledtempat back-seatduduk sexual explorationbelakang.
 
Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, munculnya [[pengaturan kelahiran]] dan prosedur [[aborsi]] yang lebih aman mengurangi tekanan menikah sebagai cara memenuhi keinginan seksual. Jenis hubungan baru terbentuk; orang dapat hidup bersama tanpa perkawinan dan tanpa [[anak]]. Informasi [[seksualitas manusia]] bertambah, dan dengan itu penerimaan semua jenis orientasi seksual yang konsensual menjadi lebih umum. Sekarang, institusi pacaran terus cepat berevolusi dan muncul kesempatan dan pilihan baru terutama melalui [[Kencan online|pacaran online]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
In the mid-twentieth century, the advent of [[birth control]] as well as safer procedures for [[abortion]] changed the equation considerably, and there was less pressure to marry as a means for satisfying sexual urges. New types of relationships formed; it was possible for people to live together without marrying and without [[children]]. Information about [[human sexuality]] grew, and with it an acceptance of all types of consensual sexual orientations is becoming more common. Today, the institution of courtship continues to evolve at a rapid rate with new possibilities and choices opening up particularly through [[Online dating|online courtship]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
 
Humans have been compared to other species in terms of sexual behavior. [[Neurobiology|Neurobiologist]] [[Robert Sapolsky]] constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being [[Display (zoology)|tournament species]], in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and [[pair bond]] arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life.<ref name="twsDecM11fss">{{cite news|author=Robert Sapolsky|year=2005|title=Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality, 2nd edition|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|publisher=The Teaching Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824092905/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|archive-date=2013-08-24|access-date=2010-12-07|quote=(lectures on CD-audio)|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Sapolsky, humans are somewhat in the middle of this spectrum, in the sense that humans form pair bonds, but there is the possibility of cheating or changing partners.<ref name="twsDecM11fss" /> These species-particular behavior patterns provide a context for aspects of [[human reproduction]], including courtship. However, one particularity of the human species is that pair bonds are often formed without necessarily having the intention of reproduction. In modern times, emphasis on the institution of marriage, traditionally described as a male-female bond, has obscured pair bonds formed by same-sex and transgender couples, and that many heterosexual couples also bond for life without offspring, or that often pairs that do have offspring separate. Thus, the concept of marriage is changing widely in many countries.
 
Manusia telah dibandingkan dengan spesies lain dalam hal perilaku seksual. [[Ilmu saraf|Neurobiolog]] [[Robert Sapolsky]] membuat spektrum reproduksi, dengan sisi satunya berupa [[spesies turnamen]], dimana jantan bersaing secara sengit untuk hak istimewa reproduksi dengan betina, dan sisi satunya lagi berupa [[ikatan pasangan]], dimana jantan dan betina membentuk ikatan sepanjang kehidupan mereka.<ref name="twsDecM11fss">{{cite news|author=Robert Sapolsky|year=2005|title=Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality, 2nd edition|trans-title=Biologi dan Perilaku Manusia: Asal Usul Neurologis Individualitas, edisi ke-2|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|publisher=The Teaching Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824092905/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|archive-date=2013-08-24|access-date=2010-12-07|quote=(lectures on CD-audio)<br>[(ceramah dalam CD-audio}]|url-status=live}}</ref> Menurut Sapolsky, manusia agak berada di tengah spektrum ini, artinya manusia membentuk ikatan pasangan, tetapi ada kemungkinan perselingkuhan atau pergantian pasangan.<ref name="twsDecM11fss" /> Pola perilaku spesies-spesies tersebut memberikan konteks untuk aspek [[reproduksi manusia]], termasuk pacaran. Namun, salah satu ciri khas spesies manusia adalah ikatan pasangan sering dibentuk tanpa keinginan reproduksi. Pada masa modern, penekanan institusi perkawinan, secara tradisional dideskripsikan sebagai ikatan pria-wanita, telah mengaburkan ikatan pasangan sesama jenis dan transgender dan fakta bahwa banyak pasangan heteroseksual berpasangan seumur hidup tanpa anak atau pasangan yang punya anak dapat bercerai. Oleh karena itu, konsep perkawinan sedang berubah di banyak negara.
== Durasi ==
[[File:Eastman Johnson - Southern Courtship - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|200px|"Southern Courtship" by American painter [[Eastman Johnson]] (1824–1906)]]
Baris 59 ⟶ 56:
 
===Pacaran dalam teori sosial===
Pacaran digunakan oleh beberapa ahli teori untuk menjelaskan prosesidentitas jenis kelaminseksual dan identitasproses seksualpembentukan jenis kelamin. Penelitian ilmiah pacaran dimulai pada 1980-an, setelah itu peneliti akademik mulai mengusulkan teori mengenai praktik dan norma pacaran modern. Peneliti menemukan bahwa, tidak seperti yang dipercaya, pacaran biasanya dipicu dan dikontrol oleh wanita,<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> utamanya didorong oleh perilaku non-verbal, yang direspon oleh pria. Salah satu fungsi cinta romantis adalah pacaran.<ref name=":14" />
 
Ini secara umum didukung oleh ahli teori lain yang berspesialisasi dalam studi bahasa badan.<ref name=":15" /> Tetapi ada beberapa sarjana feminis yang menganggap pacaran sebagai proses sosial (yang dipimpin oleh pria) yang diorganisasikan untuk menaklukkan wanita.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> Contohnya, Farrell melaporkan bahwa 98% pembaca majalah perkawinan dan fiksi percintaan adalah wanita.<ref name=":18" /> Penelitian sistematis proses pacaran dalam tempat kerja<ref name=":19" /> serta 2 studi 10-tahun yang meneliti norma dalam letak internasional yang berbeda<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> tetap mendukung pandangan bahwa pacaran adalah proses sosial yang menyosialisasikan ''kedua'' jenis kelamin untuk menerima jenis hubungan yang memaksimalkan peluang berhasil membesarkan anak.
Baris 69 ⟶ 66:
 
===Layanan kencan komersial===
Selama teknologi semakin maju, cara kencanberkencan juga berubah. Dalam Time-line oleh Metro, sebuah bisnis statistik [[pertunangan]] dibuka pada 1941, acara kencan TV realita pertama dikembangkan pada 1965, dan pada 1980-an, kencan video diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|last1=Mulshine|first1=Molly|title=The 80s version of Tinder was 'video dating' — and it looks incredibly awkward|url=http://www.techinsider.io/found-footage-awkward-80s-video-dating-2015-12|website=Tech Insider|trans-title=Versi 80-an Tinder adalah "kencan video" — dan itu terlihat sangat aneh}}</ref> Kencan video adalah sebuah cara untuk orang lajang untuk duduk di depan kamera dan memberi tahu siapapun yang menonton mengenai diri sendiri. [[Proses eliminasi]] signifikan karena sekarang pelihat bisa mendengar suara mereka, melihat wajah mereka dan melihat bahasa badan mereka untuk menentukan [[Daya tarik fisik|ketertarikan fisik]] terhadap kandidatnya.
 
Dalam [[kencan online]], individu membuat profil yang memperlihatkanmeliputi informasi personal, foto-foto, hobi, minat, agama dan harapan. Kemudian pengguna dapat mencari ratusan ribu akun dan menghubungi beberapa orang secara bersamaan, yang memberikan pengguna lebih banyak opsi dan kesempatan untuk mencari seseorang yang memenuhi standar mereka. Kencan online telah mempengaruhi ide [[pilihan]]. Dalam [[Modern Romance: An Investigation|''Modern Romance: An Investigation'']] (Percintaan Modern: Sebuah Investigasi), [[Aziz Ansari]] menyatakan bahwa dalam sepertiga perkawinan di Amerika Serikat antarantara 20052005–2012, danorang pertama 2012kali bertemu melalui layanan kencan online.<ref name=":23">{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Aziz|date=2015|title=Modern Romance|location=New York, New York|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=978-1-59420-627-6|pages=79|trans-title=Percintaan Modern|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekarang ada ratusan website kencan dan ada juga website untuk keperluan tertentu seperti [[Match.com|Match]], [[eHarmony]], [[OkCupid]], [[Zoosk]], dan [[ChristianMingle]]. Aplikasi mobile, seperti [[Grindr]] dan [[Tinder (aplikasi)|Tinder]] memungkinkan pengguna mengupload profil yang kemudian dinilai oleh pengguna lain layanan. Dalam profil, pengguna dapat menggeser ke kanan (yang menandakan minat) atau ke kiri (yang memberikan kandidat lain).
 
=== Teknologi ===
[[Berkas:Most_popular_social_networking_sites_by_country.svg|jmpl|Peta aplikasi media sosial paling populer, per negaran. Facebook dominan pada 2019.Map showing the most popular social media applications, by country; Facebook is dominant in 2019.]]
Internet sedang mengubah cara orang-orang bertemu; [[Facebook]], [[Skype]], [[WhatsApp]], dan aplikasi lain telah memungkinkan koneksi jarak jauh.
 
Alat pacaran online adalah cara alternatif bertemu pasangan potensial.<ref name=":25">Lgbt Identity and Online New Media [Identitas Lgbt dan Media Baru Online] &nbsp;– Halaman 235, Christopher Pullen, Margaret Cooper – 2010</ref><ref name=":26">Gaydar Culture: Gay Men, Technology and Embodiment in the Digital Age [Budaya Gaydar: Pria Gay, Teknologi dan Perwujudan Diri pada Era Digital] &nbsp;– Halaman 186, Sharif Mowlabocus – 2010</ref> Banyak orang mengugnakan aplikasi [[Ponsel cerdas|smartphone]] seperti [[Tinder (aplikasi)|Tinder]], [[Grindr]], atau [[Bumble (aplikasi)|Bumble]] yang memungkinkan pengguna menyetujui atau menolak pengguna lain melalui 1 geser jari.<ref name="twsCQNews">CQ Press, CQ Researcher, Barbara Mantel, [http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2015032000 Online dating: Can apps and algorithms lead to true love?] [Kencan online: Apakah aplikasi dan algoritma bisa menuntun Anda ke cinta sejati?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825220732/http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2015032000|date=2016-08-25}}, Diakses 12 Juni 2016, "...Yet some researchers say matchmaking algorithms are no better than chance for providing suitable partners.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} At the same time, critics worry that the abundance of prospective dates available online is undermining relationships..." ["... Tetapi beberapa peneliti mengatakan bahwa algoritma pencomblangan tidak lebih baik daripada peluang untuk memberikan pasangan yang cocok.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Kritikus sekaligus khawatir bahwa banyaknya kencan online potensial merusak hubungan..."]</ref> Beberapa kritikus mengatakan bahwa algoritma pencomblangan tidak sempurna dan "tidak lebih baik daripada peluang" untuk mengidentifikasi pasangan cocok.<ref name="twsCQNews" /> Orang lain mengusulkan bahwa kecepatan dan ketersediaan teknologi yang muncul mungkin merusak kesempatan pasangan untuk memiliki hubungan jangka panjang yang berarti karena mencari pasangan pengganti mungkin menjadi terlalu mudah.
As technology progressed the dating world progressed as well. In a Time-line by Metro, a statistic [[Matchmaking|match-making]] business opened in 1941, the first reality TV dating show was developed in 1965, and by the 1980s the public was introduced to video dating.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|last1=Mulshine|first1=Molly|title=The 80s version of Tinder was 'video dating' — and it looks incredibly awkward|url=http://www.techinsider.io/found-footage-awkward-80s-video-dating-2015-12|website=Tech Insider|trans-title=Versi 80-an Tinder adalah "kencan video" — dan itu terlihat sangat aneh}}</ref> Video dating was a way for singles to sit in front of a camera and tell whoever may be watching something about themselves. The [[process of elimination]] was significant because now the viewer was able hear their voice, see their face and watch their body language to determine a [[physical attraction]] to the candidates.
 
 
In [[online dating]], individuals create profiles where they disclose personal information, photographs, hobbies, interests, religion and expectations. Then the user can search through hundreds of thousands of accounts and connect with multiple people at once which in return, gives the user more options and more opportunity to find what meets their standards. Online dating has influenced the idea of [[choice]]. In ''[[Modern Romance: An Investigation]]'', [[Aziz Ansari]] states that one third of marriages in the United States between 2005 and 2012 met through online dating services.<ref name=":23">{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Aziz|date=2015|title=Modern Romance|location=New York, New York|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=978-1-59420-627-6|pages=79|trans-title=Percintaan Modern|url-status=live}}</ref> Today there are hundreds of sites to choose from and websites designed to fit specific needs such as [[Match.com|Match]], [[eHarmony]], [[OkCupid]], [[Zoosk]], and [[ChristianMingle]]. Mobile apps, such as [[Grindr]] and [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]] allow users to upload profiles that are then judged by others on the service; one can either swipe right on a profile (indicating interest) or swipe left (which presents another possible mate).
The Internet is shaping the way new generations meet; [[Facebook]], [[Skype]], [[WhatsApp]], and other applications have made remote connections possible.
 
Online courtship tools are an alternate way to meet potential mates.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /> Many people use [[smartphone]] apps such as [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]], [[Grindr]], or [[Bumble (app)|Bumble]] which allow a user to accept or reject another user with a single swipe of a finger.<ref name="twsCQNews" /> Some critics have suggested that matchmaking algorithms are imperfect and are "no better than chance" for the task of identifying acceptable partners.<ref name="twsCQNews" /> Others have suggested that the speed and availability of emerging technologies may be undermining the possibility for couples to have long-term meaningful relationships when finding a replacement partner has potentially become too easy.<ref name="twsCQNews" />
 
== Pada hewan ==<!-- Bagian ini di-link dari [[Paruh]]
Baris 82 ⟶ 85:
{{Further|Kawin|Sistem perkawinan|Peragaan percumbuan}}
 
Banyak spesies hewan memiliki ritual pemilihan pasangan kawin yang juga dikenal sebagagi "pacaran" secara [[Antropomorfisme|antropomorfis]]. Pacaran hewan mungkin melibatkan tari yang rumit atau persentuhan, vokalisasi, atau penampilan kecantikan atau kemampuan bertarung. Sebagian besar pacaran hewan tidak terlihat manusia dan oleh karena itu sering menjadi perilaku hewan yang paling kurangsedikit didokumentasikan. Salah satu hewan yang memilikidengan ritual pacaran yang telah dipelajari dengan baik adalah [[namdur]], dimana hewan jantan membangun "punjung" objek terkumpul.
 
Dari pandangan ilmiah, pacaran hewan adalah proses dimana spesies memilih pasangan mereka untuk tujuan reproduksi. Umumnya hewan jantan memulai pacarannya, dan hewan betina memilih berkawin atau menolak hewan jantannya berdasarkan "performanya".
Baris 134 ⟶ 137:
* [[Surat cinta]]
* [[Pernikahan di Tiongkok|Perkawinan kilat]]
 
== Catatan ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
 
==Referensi==
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pengguna:Dare2Leap/Bak_pasir_2"