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== Sejarah ==
Dulu, perkawinan di sebagian besar masyarakat [[Perjodohan|diatur oleh orangtua]] dan kerabat tua dengan tujuan bukan cinta tetapi keturunanpewarisan dan "kestabilan ekonomi dan aliansi politik", bukan [[cinta]], menurut para [[antropolog]].<ref name="twsDecM11">{{cite journal|author1=Kris Paap|author2=Douglas Raybeck|year=2005|title=A Differently Gendered Landscape: Gender and Agency in the Web-based Personals|trans-title=Lanskap Berbeda Gender: Jenis Kelamin dan Agensi pada Hal Pribadi Berbasis Web|journal=Electronic Journal of Sociology|quote=most marriages in the world are arranged...<br>[sebagian besar perkawinan di dunia berupa perjodohan...]|citeseerx=10.1.1.107.993}}</ref> Oleh karena itu, tidak ada kebutuhan periode trialuji coba sementara seperti pacaran sebelum hubungan permanen yang diakui komunitas dibentuk antara pria dan wanita. Walaupun berbagai jenis pasangan diakui oleh sebagian besar masyarakat sebagai hubungan sosial yang cocok, perkawinan dibatasi ke ikatanpasangan heteroseksual dan memiliki sifat transaksional, dimana istri sering menjadi bentuk properti yang ditukarditukarkan antara ayah dan suami, dan harus melayani fungsi reproduksi. KomunitasDi [[Eropa]], masyarakat menekan orang untuk membentuk ikatan pasangan di Eropaberpasangan; di [[Tiongkok]], masyarakat "menuntut orang melakukan perkawinan sebelum memiliki hubungan seksual"<ref name="twsDecI22bb">{{cite news|date=2005-11-11|title=Parents explore dating scene for choosy children|trans-title=Orangtua menjelajahi tempat kencan untuk anak yang rewel|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|newspaper=China Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429155251/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|archive-date=2010-04-29|access-date=2010-12-09|quote=... in earlier times society demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship.<br>[pada zaman dahulu masyarakat menuntut orang melakukan perkawinan sebelum memiliki hubungan seksual.]|url-status=live}}</ref> dan banyak masyarakat menemukan bahwa suatu hubungan yang diakui secara resmi antara pria dan wanita adalah cara terbaik membesarkan dan mendidik [[anak]] sekaligus membentuk menghindari konflik dan kesalahpahaman mengenai kompetisi untuk pasangan.[[Berkas:DickseeRomeoandJuliet.jpg|ka|jmpl|Pertemuan rahasia antara Romeo dan Julia dalam [[Romeo dan Julia|drama Shakespeare]]. Lukisan oleh [[Sir Frank Dicksee]], 1884]]Umumnya, selama banyak sejarah yang tercatat peradaban manusia, dan hingga [[Abad Pertengahan]] di [[Eropa]], perkawinan dipandang sebagai pengaturan [[bisnis]] antar-keluarga, sementara romansapercintaan adalah sesuatu yang terjadi di luar perkawinan secara diam-diam, seperti pertemuan rahasia.<ref name="twsDecH34a">{{cite news|date=24 Januari 2009|title=Raw dater|trans-title=Penkencan mentah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135030/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|archive-date=2013-11-09|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=..."True love can have no place between husband and wife," ...<br>[..." Tidak ada tempat cinta sejati antara suami dan istri," ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> Buku abad ke-12 [[Seni Cinta Bahaduri|''Seni Cinta Bahaduri'']] mengatakan "Tidak ada tempat cinta sejati antara suami dan istri".<ref name="twsDecH34a" /> Menurut salah satu pandangan, pertemuan rahasia antara pria dan wanita, biasanyasecara diluarumum di luar/sebelum perkawinan, adalah pendahulu pacaran sekarang.<ref name="twsDecH34a" />
Sejak sekitar tahun 1700, {{Fact span|reason=Sedunia? Atau hanya di Eropa?|text=pergerakan global|date=Maret 2023}}yang mungkin dapat dideskripsikan sebagai "pemberdayaan individu"{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} muncul, dan memicu emansipasi wanita dan kesetaraan individu. Pria dan wanita menjadi lebih setara secara politik, finansial, dan sosial di banyak negara. Pada awal abad ke-20, wanita perlahan-lahan mendapatkan [[Hak suara perempuan|hak suara]] (pertama di [[negara bangsa]] pertama [[Norwegia]] dipada 1913), memiliki properti, dan menerimamendapatkan [[Persamaan di hadapan hukum|perlakuan hukum yang sama]], dan perubahan tersebut menimbulkanmenyebabkan dampak besar terhadap hubungan antara pria dan -wanita dan pengaruh orangtua menurun. Dalam banyak masyarakat, individu dapat memilih sendiri apakah mereka sebaiknya menikah, siapa yang mereka nikahi, dan kapan mereka menikah dalam "ritual pacaran dimana wanita muda menghibur penelpon pria, biasanya di rumah, di bawah pengawasan [[pendamping]]",<ref name=":29">{{cite news|author=Brenda Wilson|date=8 Juni 2009|title=Sex Without Intimacy: No Dating, No Relationships|trans-title=Seks Tanpa Keintiman: Tanpa Kencan, Tanpa Hubungan|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|work=National Public Radio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125191419/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|archive-date=2010-11-25|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=Dating itself ... evolved out of a courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, ...<br>[Kencan sendiri ... berevolusi dari ritual pacaran dimana wanita muda menghibur penelpon pria, biasanya di rumah, ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> tetapi di banyak negara Barat, pacaran mulai menjadi aktivitas yang dimulai diri sendiri dengan 2 orang muda pergibepergian bersama sebagai pasangan di masyarakat. Namun, pacaran masih banyak bervariasi menurut negara, kebiasaan, agama, teknologi, dan kelas sosial, dan pengecualian penting mengenai kebebasan individu masih ada karena banyak negara masih melakukan perjodohan, meminta [[harta sesan]], dan melarang hubungan sesama jenis. Walaupun menonton film bersama, makan bersama, dan bertemu di rumah kopi dan tempat lain, serta buku panduan strategi pacaran untuk pria & wanita populer di banyak negara,<ref name="twsDecH26c">{{cite news|author=Maureen Dowd quoting poet Dorothy Parker|year=2005|title=What's a Modern Girl to Do?|trans-title=Apa yang Harus Dilakukan oleh Gadis Modern?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410033738/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|archive-date=2011-04-10|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=...What our grandmothers told us about playing hard to get is true. ...<br>[...Apa yang dikatakan nenek kita mengenai bermain keras untuk mendapatkannya itu benar. ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> di bagian dunia lain, seperti Asia Selatan dan banyak wilayahbagian Timur Tengah, bersendirian di masyarakat sebagai pasangan tidak hanya dicemberutkandilarang tetapi bahkan bisa mengakibatkan salah satu orang dikucilkan secara sosial.
Buku 1849 ''The Whole Art of Polite Courtship; Or the Ladies & Gentlemen's Love Letter Writer''<ref group="lower-alpha">Bahasa Indonesia: ''Seluruh Seni Pacaran Sopan; Atau Penulis Surat Cinta Pria & Wanita''</ref> menunjukkan pentingnya [[surat cinta]] dalam pacaran abad ke-19 dengan tujuan perkawinan.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book|date=1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrRFy1o5wKYC|title=The Whole Art of Polite Courtship; Or the Ladies & Gentlemen's Love Letter Writer: Being a Complete Collection of Information and Advice on the Subject of Love, with New Hints to be Observed for the Choice of a Husband|publisher=Webb. Millington & Company|language=en|trans-title=Seluruh Seni Pacaran Sopan; Atau Penulis Surat Cinta Pria & Wanita: Koleksi Informasi dan Saran Mengenai Cinta yang Lengkap, dengan Petunjuk-Petunjuk Baru yang Diperhatikan untuk Pemilihan Suami|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151007/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrRFy1o5wKYC|archive-date=2023-03-19|url-status=live}}</ref> BukunyaBuku ini mengandung 31 sampel surat cinta untuk pria dan wanita dalam karier yang berbeda, kiranya untukbagi pembaca untuk mencari inspirasi ketika menulis korespondensi romantis mereka sendiri. Buku [[etiket]], seperti buku ''Etiquette of Courtship and Matrimony''<ref group="lower-alpha">Bahasa Indonesia: ''Etiket Pacaran dan Perkawinan''</ref> padatahun 1852, menjelaskan cara sopanpantas menemui kekasih, berpacaran, mengadakan upacara pernikahan, bulanberbulan madu, dan menghindari argumen.<ref name=":28">{{Cite book|date=1852|url=https:/>/books.google.com/books?id=P8hYAAAAcAAJ|title=The Etiquette of Courtship and Matrimony: with a Complete Guide to the Forms of a Wedding|location=Etiket Pacaran dan Perkawinan: dengan Panduan Lengkap Jenis Upacara Pernikahan|publisher=George Routledge and Son|language=en|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151014/https://books.google.com/books?id=P8hYAAAAcAAJ|archive-date=2023-03-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
InPada theabad twentieth centuryke-20, courtshippacaran waskadang-kadang sometimesdipandang seensebagai aspendahulu aperkawinan, precursortetapi toitu marriagejuga butdapat itdilihat couldsebagai alsotujuan beakhir considereditu as an end-in-itselfsendiri, thatyaitu is,aktivitas ansosial informal social activity akin toseperti [[ friendshippertemanan]]. ItItu generallyumumnya happenedterjadi in that portion of a person's life before the age ofsebelum marriageperkawinan,<ref name="twsDecH34b">{{cite news|date=24 Januari 2009|title=Raw dater|trans-title=Penkencan mentah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135030/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|archive-date=2013-11-09|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=24 was the average age for a person to get married in 1851....<br>[24 adalah umur rata-rata seseorang menikah pada 1851....]|url-status=live}}</ref> buttetapi asseiring marriagekekekalan becameperkawinan lessberkurang permanentdengan with the advent ofadanya [[ divorceperceraian]], courtshippacaran couldjuga happendapat atterjadi otherpada timeswaktu in peoples lives asyang welllain. PeopleOrang becamelebih morebanyak mobilebergerak.<ref name="twsDecH24bb">{{cite news|author=Neil Offen|date=13 Februari 2010|title=Sociologists: Internet dating on the rise|trans-title=Sosiolog: Kencan Internet meningkat|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/humanities-social-science/sociology/13922241-1.html|newspaper=The Herald-Sun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924023213/http://www.allbusiness.com/humanities-social-science/sociology/13922241-1.html|archive-date=2011-09-24|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=..."But people are moving more now, they're not getting married at 22 and they are removed from their traditional social networks for mate selection..."<br>[..."Namun sekarang orang lebih banyak bergerak, mereka tidak menikah pada usia 22 tahun dan mereka dikeluarkan dari jaringan sosial tradisional mereka untuk pemilihan pasangan..."|url-status=live}}</ref> RapidlyTeknologi developingyang [[technology]]cepat playedberkembang amemiliki peran yang hugesangat rolebesar: new [[ communicationteknologi technologykomunikasi]] suchbaru as theseperti [[ telephonetelepon]],<ref name="twsDecIv24">{{cite news|author=Chester F. Jacobson|date= February 7 , Februari 2010|title=A long-ago first date: More than 60 years later, would that special girl remember me ?|trans-title=Kencan pertama dahulu kala: Lebih dari 60 tahun kemudian, akankah gadis spesial itu mengingat saya?|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2010/02/07/a_long_ago_first_date/|newspaper=Boston Globe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223215521/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2010/02/07/a_long_ago_first_date/|archive-date=2010-12-23|access-date=2010-12-09|quote=After the movie, Finney and I took Helen home to her mother, .... <br>[Setelah filmnya, Finney dan saya membawa Helen pulang ke ibunya, ....]|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Internet]] ,<ref name="twsDecH21b">{{cite news|author=Sharon Jayson|date=2010-02-10|title=Internet changing the game of love |trans-title=Internet mengubah game cinta|url=https://www.usatoday.com/LIFE/usaedition/2010-02-11-couplesmeet11_CV_U.htm|newspaper=USA Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628203421/http://www.usatoday.com/LIFE/usaedition/2010-02-11-couplesmeet11_CV_U.htm|archive-date=2012-06-28|access-date=2010-12-08|quote="The rise of the Internet as a way of meeting people makes a bit of an end run around family," ... <br>["Bangkitnya internet sebagai cara bertemu dengan orang lain mengurangi pentingnya keluarga," ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> anddan [[ textpesan messagingteks]]<ref name="twsDecNfaas" /> {{cite enablednews|author=Vanessa rendezvousFuchs|date=16 Juni 2010|title=Shy guys switching on to betext arrangedmessage withoutcourtship face– and girls say it's OK|trans-title=Pria pemalu pindah ke pacaran melalui pesan teks – dan wanita mengatakan itu OK|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/shy-guys-switching-on-to- face contacttext-message-courtship-and-girls-say-its-ok/story-e6frer4f-1225880329000|newspaper=Courier-Mail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816063204/http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/shy-guys-switching-on-to-text-message-courtship-and-girls-say-its-ok/story-e6frer4f-1225880329000|archive-date=2012-08-16|access-date=2010-12-14|quote=... [[Effectsmen ofare more likely than women to ‘flirtext’ but for those who consider themselves in a relationship, women are more likely to engage in the automobileactivity.<br>[... onpria societieslebih banyak 'flirtext' (main mata melalui pesan teks) daripada wanita namun untuk orang yang berada dalam hubungan, wanita lebih banyak 'flirtext'.]| Carsurl-status=live}}</ref> memungkinkan pertemuan direncanakan tanpa kontak wajah-ke-wajah. [[Mobil]] extendedmemperluas thejangkauan rangepacaran ofserta courtshipmemungkinkan aseksplorasi wellseksual asdi enabledtempat back-seatduduk sexual explorationbelakang. ▼Pada abad ke-20, pacaran kadang-kadang dipandang sebagai pendahulu perkawinan tetapi juga dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai akhir itu sendiri, yaitu aktivitas sosial informal seperti [[pertemanan]]. Itu umumnya terjadi sebelum usia perkawinan,<ref name="twsDecH34b" /> tetapi seiring kekekalan perkawinan berkurang dengan adanya perceraian, pacaran dapat terjadi pada waktu hidup yang lain juga. Orang lebih banyak bergerak.<ref name="twsDecH24bb" /> Teknologi yang cepat berkembang mengambil peran yang sangat besar: [[teknologi komunikasi]] baru seperti [[telepon]],<ref name="twsDecIv24" /> [[Internet]],<ref name="twsDecH21b" /> dan [[pesan teks]]<ref name="twsDecNfaas" /> memungkinkan pertemuan direncanakan tanpa kontak wajah-ke-wajah. [[Mobil]] memperpanjang jarak pacaran serta memungkinkan eksplorasi seksual di tempat duduk belakang.
Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, penemuanmunculnya [[pengaturan kelahiran]] dan prosedur [[aborsi]] yang lebih aman mengurangi tekanan menikah sebagai cara memenuhi keinginan seksual. Jenis hubungan baru dibentukterbentuk; orang dapat hidup bersama tanpa perkawinan dan tanpa [[anak]]. Informasi [[seksualitas manusia]] berkembangbertambah, dan dengan itu penerimaan semua jenis orientasi seksual yang konsensual menjadi lebih umum. Sekarang, institusi pacaran masihterus cepat berevolusi dan muncul kesempatan dan pilihan baru terutama melalui [[Kencan online|pacaran online]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Manusia telah dibandingkan dengan spesies lain mengenai perilaku seksual. [[Ilmu saraf|Neurobiolog]] [[Robert Sapolsky]] merangkit spektrum reproduktif dengan sisi satunya berupa [[spesies turnamen]], dimana jantan berkompetisi dengan sengit untuk hak istimewa reproduktif dengan betina, dan sisi satunya lagi berupa [[ikatan-pasangan]], dimana jantan dan betina membentuk ikatan sepanjang kehidupan mereka.<ref name="twsDecM11fss" /> Menurut Sapolsky, manusia agak berada di tengah spektrum ini, artinya manusia membentuk ikatan pasangan, tetapi ada kemungkinan perselingkuhan atau pergantian pasangan.<ref name="twsDecM11fss" /> Pola perilaku spesies-spesies tersebut memberikan konteks untuk aspek [[reproduksi manusia]], termasuk pacaran. Namun, salah satu ciri khas spesies manusia adalah ikatan pasangan sering dibentuk tanpa keinginan reproduksi. Pada masa modern, penekanan institusi perkawinan, secara tradisional dideskripsikan sebagai ikatan pria-wanita, telah mengaburkan ikatan pasangan sesama jenis dan transgender dan fakta bahwa banyak pasangan heteroseksual berpasangan seumur hidup tanpa anak atau pasangan yang punya anak dapat bercerai. Oleh karena itu, konsep perkawinan sedang berubah di banyak negara. ▼
In the past, marriages in most societies were [[Arranged marriage|arranged by parents]] and older relatives with the goal not being [[love]] but legacy and "economic stability and political alliances", according to [[Anthropology|anthropologists]].<ref name="twsDecM11">{{cite journal|author1=Kris Paap|author2=Douglas Raybeck|year=2005|title=A Differently Gendered Landscape: Gender and Agency in the Web-based Personals|trans-title=Lanskap Berbeda Gender: Jenis Kelamin dan Agensi pada Hal Pribadi berbasis Web|journal=Electronic Journal of Sociology|quote=most marriages in the world are arranged...|citeseerx=10.1.1.107.993}}</ref> Accordingly, there was little need for a temporary trial period such as courtship before a permanent community-recognized union was formed between a man and a woman. While pair-bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, marriage was reserved for heterosexual pairings and had a transactional nature, where wives were in many cases a form of property being exchanged between father and husband, and who would have to serve the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair-bonds in places such as [[Europe]]; in [[China]], society "demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship"<ref name="twsDecI22bb">{{cite news|date=2005-11-11|title=Parents explore dating scene for choosy children|trans-title=Orangtua menjelajahi tempat kencan untuk anak yang rewel|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|newspaper=China Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429155251/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|archive-date=2010-04-29|access-date=2010-12-09|quote=... in earlier times society demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship.|url-status=live}}</ref> and many societies found that some formally recognized bond between a man and a woman was the best way of rearing and educating [[Child|children]] as well as helping to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings regarding competition for mates.
[[Berkas:DickseeRomeoandJuliet.jpg|ka|jmpl|The clandestine meeting between Romeo and Juliet in [[Romeo and Juliet|Shakespeare's play]]. Painting by [[Frank Dicksee|Sir Frank Dicksee]], 1884]]
Generally, during much of recorded history of humans in civilization, and into the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Europe]], marriages were seen as [[business]] arrangements between families, while romance was something that happened outside of marriage discreetly, such as covert meetings.<ref name="twsDecH34a">{{cite news|date=24 Januari 2009|title=Raw dater|trans-title=Penkencan mentah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135030/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|archive-date=2013-11-09|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=..."True love can have no place between husband and wife," ...<br>[..." Tidak ada tempat cinta sejati antara suami dan istri," ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> The 12th-century book ''[[De amore (Andreas Capellanus)|The Art of Courtly Love]]'' advised that "True love can have no place between husband and wife."<ref name="twsDecH34a" /> According to one view, clandestine meetings between men and women, generally outside of marriage or before marriage, were the precursors to today's courtship.<ref name="twsDecH34a" />
From about 1700 a worldwide{{Fact?|date=March 2023|reason=Worldwide? Or only in Europe?}} movement perhaps described as the "empowerment of the individual"{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} took hold, leading towards greater emancipation of women and equality of individuals. Men and women became more equal politically, financially, and socially in many nations. In the early 20th centuries, women gradually won the [[Women's suffrage|right to vote]] starting in the first [[sovereign nation]] [[Norway]] in 1913, and to own property and receive [[Equality before the law|equal treatment by the law]], and these changes had profound impacts on the relationships between men and women and parental influence declined. In many societies, individuals could decide—on their own—whether they should marry, whom they should marry, and when they should marry in a "courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, under the watchful eye of a [[Chaperone (social)|chaperone]],"<ref>{{cite news|author=Brenda Wilson|date=June 8, 2009|title=Sex Without Intimacy: No Dating, No Relationships|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|work=National Public Radio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125191419/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|archive-date=2010-11-25|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=Dating itself ... evolved out of a courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, ...|url-status=live}}</ref> but increasingly, in many Western countries, it became a self-initiated activity with two young people going out as a couple in public together. Still, courtship varies considerably by nation, custom, religious upbringing, technology, and social class, and important exceptions with regards to individual freedoms remain as many countries today still practice arranged marriages, request dowries, and forbid same-sex pairings. Although in many countries, movies, meals, and meeting in coffeehouses and other places is now popular, as are advice books suggesting various strategies for men and women,<ref name="twsDecH26c">{{cite news|author=Maureen Dowd quoting poet Dorothy Parker|year=2005|title=What's a Modern Girl to Do?|trans-title=Apa yang Harus Dilakukan oleh Gadis Modern?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410033738/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|archive-date=2011-04-10|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=...What our grandmothers told us about playing hard to get is true. ...<br>[...Apa yang dikatakan nenek kita mengenai bermain keras untuk mendapatkannya itu benar. ...]|url-status=live}}</ref> in other parts of the world, such as in South Asia and many parts of the Middle East, being alone in public as a couple is not only frowned upon but can even lead to either person being socially ostracized.
The 1849 book ''The Whole Art of Polite Courtship; Or the Ladies & Gentlemen's Love Letter Writer'' exemplifies the importance of [[Love letter|love letters]] in 19th century courtship with a goal of marriage.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book|date=1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrRFy1o5wKYC|title=The Whole Art of Polite Courtship; Or the Ladies & Gentlemen's Love Letter Writer: Being a Complete Collection of Information and Advice on the Subject of Love, with New Hints to be Observed for the Choice of a Husband|publisher=Webb. Millington & Company|language=en|trans-title=Seluruh Seni Pacaran Sopan; Atau Penulis Surat Cinta Pria & Wanita: Koleksi Informasi dan Saran Mengenai Cinta yang Lengkap, dengan Petunjuk-Petunjuk Baru yang Diperhatikan untuk Pemilihan Suami|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151007/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrRFy1o5wKYC|archive-date=2023-03-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The book contains 31 love letter samples for men and women in different careers, presumably for readers to draw inspiration when writing their own romantic correspondences. [[Etiquette]] books, such as the 1852 ''Etiquette of Courtship and Matrimony,'' detail socially appropriate ways to meet lovers, court, arrange a wedding, honeymoon, and avoid arguments.<ref name=":28">{{Cite book|date=1852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8hYAAAAcAAJ|title=The Etiquette of Courtship and Matrimony: with a Complete Guide to the Forms of a Wedding|location=Etiket Pacaran dan Perkawinan: dengan Panduan Lengkap Jenis Upacara Pernikahan|publisher=George Routledge and Son|language=en|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151014/https://books.google.com/books?id=P8hYAAAAcAAJ|archive-date=2023-03-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲In the twentieth century, courtship was sometimes seen as a precursor to marriage but it could also be considered as an end-in-itself, that is, an informal social activity akin to [[friendship]]. It generally happened in that portion of a person's life before the age of marriage,<ref name="twsDecH34b">{{cite news|date=24 Januari 2009|title=Raw dater|trans-title=Penkencan mentah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135030/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/24/dating-statistics|archive-date=2013-11-09|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=24 was the average age for a person to get married in 1851....<br>[24 adalah umur rata-rata seseorang menikah pada 1851....]|url-status=live}}</ref> but as marriage became less permanent with the advent of [[divorce]], courtship could happen at other times in peoples lives as well. People became more mobile.<ref name="twsDecH24bb">{{cite news|author=Neil Offen|date=13 Februari 2010|title=Sociologists: Internet dating on the rise|trans-title=Sosiolog: Kencan Internet meningkat|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/humanities-social-science/sociology/13922241-1.html|newspaper=The Herald-Sun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924023213/http://www.allbusiness.com/humanities-social-science/sociology/13922241-1.html|archive-date=2011-09-24|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=..."But people are moving more now, they're not getting married at 22 and they are removed from their traditional social networks for mate selection..."<br>[..."Namun sekarang orang lebih banyak bergerak, mereka tidak menikah pada usia 22 tahun dan mereka dikeluarkan dari jaringan sosial tradisional mereka untuk pemilihan pasangan..."|url-status=live}}</ref> Rapidly developing [[technology]] played a huge role: new [[communication technology]] such as the [[telephone]],<ref name="twsDecIv24">{{cite news|author=Chester F. Jacobson|date=February 7, 2010|title=A long-ago first date: More than 60 years later, would that special girl remember me?|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2010/02/07/a_long_ago_first_date/|newspaper=Boston Globe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223215521/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2010/02/07/a_long_ago_first_date/|archive-date=2010-12-23|access-date=2010-12-09|quote=After the movie, Finney and I took Helen home to her mother, ....|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Internet]]<ref name="twsDecH21b">{{cite news|author=Sharon Jayson|date=2010-02-10|title=Internet changing the game of love|url=https://www.usatoday.com/LIFE/usaedition/2010-02-11-couplesmeet11_CV_U.htm|newspaper=USA Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628203421/http://www.usatoday.com/LIFE/usaedition/2010-02-11-couplesmeet11_CV_U.htm|archive-date=2012-06-28|access-date=2010-12-08|quote="The rise of the Internet as a way of meeting people makes a bit of an end run around family," ...|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[text messaging]]<ref name="twsDecNfaas" /> enabled rendezvous to be arranged without face-to-face contact. [[Effects of the automobile on societies|Cars]] extended the range of courtship as well as enabled back-seat sexual exploration.
In the mid-twentieth century, the advent of [[birth control]] as well as safer procedures for [[abortion]] changed the equation considerably, and there was less pressure to marry as a means for satisfying sexual urges. New types of relationships formed; it was possible for people to live together without marrying and without [[children]]. Information about [[human sexuality]] grew, and with it an acceptance of all types of consensual sexual orientations is becoming more common. Today, the institution of courtship continues to evolve at a rapid rate with new possibilities and choices opening up particularly through [[Online dating|online courtship]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Humans have been compared to other species in terms of sexual behavior. [[Neurobiology|Neurobiologist]] [[Robert Sapolsky]] constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being [[Display (zoology)|tournament species]], in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and [[pair bond]] arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life.<ref name="twsDecM11fss">{{cite news|author=Robert Sapolsky|year=2005|title=Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality, 2nd edition|trans-title=Biologi dan Perilaku Manusia: Asal Usul Neurologis Individualitas, edisi ke-2|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|publisher=The Teaching Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824092905/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|archive-date=2013-08-24|access-date=2010-12-07|quote=(lectures on CD-audio)<br>[(ceramah dalam CD-audio}]|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Sapolsky, humans are somewhat in the middle of this spectrum, in the sense that humans form pair bonds, but there is the possibility of cheating or changing partners.<ref name="twsDecM11fss" /> These species-particular behavior patterns provide a context for aspects of [[human reproduction]], including courtship. However, one particularity of the human species is that pair bonds are often formed without necessarily having the intention of reproduction. In modern times, emphasis on the institution of marriage, traditionally described as a male-female bond, has obscured pair bonds formed by same-sex and transgender couples, and that many heterosexual couples also bond for life without offspring, or that often pairs that do have offspring separate. Thus, the concept of marriage is changing widely in many countries.
▲Manusia telah dibandingkan dengan spesies lain mengenaidalam hal perilaku seksual. [[Ilmu saraf|Neurobiolog]] [[Robert Sapolsky]] merangkitmembuat spektrum reproduktifreproduksi, dengan sisi satunya berupa [[spesies turnamen]], dimana jantan berkompetisibersaing dengansecara sengit untuk hak istimewa reproduktifreproduksi dengan betina, dan sisi satunya lagi berupa [[ikatan - pasangan]], dimana jantan dan betina membentuk ikatan sepanjang kehidupan mereka.<ref name="twsDecM11fss" >{{cite news|author=Robert Sapolsky|year=2005|title=Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality, 2nd edition|trans-title=Biologi dan Perilaku Manusia: Asal Usul Neurologis Individualitas, edisi ke-2|url=https:/ /www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|publisher=The Teaching Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824092905/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Biology-Human-Behavior-Neurological-Individuality/dp/B00DTUY66C|archive-date=2013-08-24|access-date=2010-12-07|quote=(lectures on CD-audio)<br>[(ceramah dalam CD-audio}]|url-status=live}}</ref> Menurut Sapolsky, manusia agak berada di tengah spektrum ini, artinya manusia membentuk ikatan pasangan, tetapi ada kemungkinan perselingkuhan atau pergantian pasangan.<ref name="twsDecM11fss" /> Pola perilaku spesies-spesies tersebut memberikan konteks untuk aspek [[reproduksi manusia]], termasuk pacaran. Namun, salah satu ciri khas spesies manusia adalah ikatan pasangan sering dibentuk tanpa keinginan reproduksi. Pada masa modern, penekanan institusi perkawinan, secara tradisional dideskripsikan sebagai ikatan pria-wanita, telah mengaburkan ikatan pasangan sesama jenis dan transgender dan fakta bahwa banyak pasangan heteroseksual berpasangan seumur hidup tanpa anak atau pasangan yang punya anak dapat bercerai. Oleh karena itu, konsep perkawinan sedang berubah di banyak negara.
== Durasi ==
[[File:Eastman Johnson - Southern Courtship - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|200px|"Southern Courtship" by American painter [[Eastman Johnson]] (1824–1906)]]
* [[Surat cinta]]
* [[Pernikahan di Tiongkok|Perkawinan kilat]]
== Catatan ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==Referensi==
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