Pertempuran Monte Cassino: Perbedaan antara revisi
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|combatant1 = {{flag|Britania Raya}}
*{{flagicon|Kemaharajaan Britania}} [[Kemaharajaan Britania|India Britania]]
{{flag|Amerika Serikat|1912}}<br>{{flag|Free France}}<br>{{flagicon|POL}} [[
<br/>{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Free Algeria]] [[Sekutu Perang Dunia II|dan lain-lain]] |combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Jerman Nazi}}
*{{flag|Republik Sosial Italia}}<ref>{{cite journal|first=Luca|last=Villoresi|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1994/06/03/barbarigo-teschi-memorie.html|title=Barbarigo Teschi e memorie|journal=[[La Repubblica]], Culture section|issue=3 June 1994|accessdate=24 April 2009|language=Italian|page=35}}</ref>
|commander1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Harold Alexander]]<br>{{flagicon|AS|1912}} [[Mark Wayne Clark|Mark Clark]]<br/>{{flagicon|UK}} [[Oliver Leese]]<br>{{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojtek]]<!--This covers Army Group and Army commanders. Anders and Juin were corps commanders and should not be listed -->
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Jerman Nazi}} [[Albert Kesselring]]<br>{{flagicon|Jerman Nazi}} [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]<br>{{flagicon|Jerman Nazi}} [[Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin|F. v. Senger und Etterlin]]
|units1 = [[Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat Kelima|Angkatan Darat Kelima AS]]<br>[[Angkatan Darat Kedelapan (Britania Raya)|Angkatan Darat Kedelapan Britania]]
Baris 24 ⟶ 26:
|strength1 = 240,000 tentara<br>1,900 tank<br>4,000 pesawat<ref name="Farrington, K 1995 p. 45">Farrington, K, (1995), ''Battle for Victory''. Bookmart Ltd, p. 45</ref>
|strength2 = ~140,000 tentara<br>tank dan pesawat yang tidak diketahui jumlahnya
|casualties1 = 55,000 korban<ref name="Axelrod208">{{cite book|title=Real History Of World War II: A New Look at the Past|url=https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofwor00axel|last=Axelrod|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Axelrod|publisher=Sterling Publishing Co Inc|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofwor00axel/page/208 208]|isbn=978-1-4027-4090-9|oclc=|location=New York}}</ref>
|casualties2 = ~20.000 korban<ref name="Axelrod208"/>
|notes =
}}
{{Kotak Kampanye
'''Pertempuran Monte Cassino''' (juga dikenal sebagai '''Pertempuran untuk Roma''' dan '''Pertempuran untuk Cassino''') adalah sebuah empat rangkaian serangan yang dilakukan oleh [[Sekutu Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] melawan [[Garis Musim Dingin]] di [[Italia]] yang dibentuk oleh pasukan [[Blok Poros]] pada saat [[Kampanye Italia (Perang Dunia II)|Kampanye Italia]] [[Perang Dunia II|Perang Dunia Kedua]]. Pasukan Polandia akhirnya mengibarkan bendera mereka di reruntuhan biara kuno Monte Cassino, Italia, setelah berhasil menaklukan pasukan Jerman. Tempat itu merupakan salah satu benteng pertahanan Jerman semasa Perang Dunia Kedua.
Polandia - yang bergabung dengan Pasukan Sekutu pimpinan Amerika Serikat (AS) dan Britania Raya - bergerak ke arah biara yang berada di atas bukit itu pada pagi hari. Mereka baru bergerak enam hari setelah Sekutu membombardir salah satu pos strategis pertahanan Jerman di
Sebelumnya, pasukan Britania Raya telah menguasai kota Cassino yang terletak di kaki bukit tempat biara itu berada. Setelah bombardir selama empat bulan, Sekutu akhirnya berhasil menaklukan pertahanan Jerman di Cassino dan, puncaknya, Monte Cassino.
Polandia tidak sendiri saat menyerbu Monte Cassino. Mereka pun dibantu oleh pasukan dari Britania Raya, Kanada, India dan Prancis.<ref>http://dunia.news.viva.co.id/news/read/151668-pertempuran_monte_cassino</ref>
== Pertempuran ==
=== Pertempuran Pertama ===
Pertempuran Monte Cassino Pertama
=== Pertempuran Kedua ===
Pertempuran kedua dimulai pada bulan Februari 1944 dimana sebuah pasukan Britania Raya menyerang posisi pertahanan Jerman namun gagal. Pertempuran terus berlanjut pada 17 Februari ketika pasukan Britania Raya menyerang Bukit Monastery dan lagi-lagi penyerangan ini juga gagal, pada tanggal 18 Februari Jerman melancarkan serangan balik membuat pasukan Sekutu terpaksa harus ditarik mundur, dan pertempuran kedua ini pun juga mengalami kegagalan.
=== Pertempuran Ketiga ===
Pertempuran Ketiga pecah pada tanggal 15 Maret 1944 kala itu pasukan Selandia Baru melakukan penyerangan dengan mendapat dukungan artileri dan pesawat pembom, malam harinya pasukan Selandia Baru berhasil merebut '
Tanggal 19 Maret,
=== Pertempuran Keempat ===
Tanggal 11-12 Mei 1944, pasukan Sekutu membuka Pertempuran Monte Cassino keempat dengan tembakan artileri ke posisi pertahanan pasukan Jerman. Pasukan Sekutu yang terdiri dari AS, Britania Raya, Afrika Selatan, Prancis, Kanada, Selandia Baru, serta Polandia melakukan penyerangan, serangan ini membuat Sekutu mengalami kesuksesan besar. Pada tanggal 13 Mei pasukan Prancis sukses dalam merebut Monte Maiao yang berguna untuk mengamankan suplai pasukan Sekutu yang sedang bertempur di Lembah Liri.
== Catatan ==
Baris 59 ⟶ 62:
== Referensi ==
* {{cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Rick|title=The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki|location=New York|publisher=Henry Holt|isbn=0-8050-6289-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Blaxland|first=Gregory|title=Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944–1945)|publisher=William Kimber|location=London|year=1979|isbn=0-7183-0386-5}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Herbert Bloch|last=Bloch|first=Herbert|title=The bombardment of Monte Cassino (February 14–16, 1944): A new appraisal|publisher=Tipografia Italo-orientale|year=1979}}
* {{cite book|first=Rudolf|last=Böhmler|title=Monte Cassino: a German View|publisher=Cassell|location=London|year=1964|oclc=2752844}}
* {{cite book|last=Clark|first=Lloyd|title=Anzio: The Friction of War. Italy and the Battle for Rome 1944|url=https://archive.org/details/anziofrictionofw0000clar|publisher=Headline Publishing|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7553-1420-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Davis|first=Norman|title=God's playground, volume II|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-231-05352-5}}
* {{cite book|last=d'Este|first=Carlo|year=1991|title=Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/fataldecisionanz0000dest_t4d4|publisher=Harper|location=New York|isbn=0-06-015890-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Ellis|first=John|title=Cassino: The Hollow Victory: The Battle for Rome January–June 1944|url=https://archive.org/details/cassinohollowvic00unse|publisher=Aurum Press|year=2003|isbn=1-85410-916-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Forty|first=George|title=Battle For Monte Cassino|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|year=2004|isbn=0-7110-3024-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gooderson|first=Ian|title=Cassino|url=https://archive.org/details/cassino0000good|publisher=Brassey's|location=London|year=2003|isbn=1-85753-324-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hapgood|first1=David|last2=Richardson|first2=David|title=Monte Cassino: The Story of the Most Controversial Battle of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/montecassinostor0000hapg|publisher=Da Capo|location=Cambridge Mass.|year=2002|edition=reprint|origyear=1984|isbn=0-306-81121-9}}
* {{cite book|first=W.G.|last=Hingston|title=The Tiger Triumphs: The Story of Three Great Divisions in Italy|publisher=HMSO for the Government of India|year=1946|oclc=29051302}}
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Katz|title=The Battle for Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/battleforromeger00katz|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7432-1642-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Krząstek|first=Tadeusz|title=Battle of Monte Cassino, 1944|publisher=Polish Interpress Agency|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Laurie|first=Clayton D.|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/romar/72-20.htm|title=Rome-Arno 1944|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|series=The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II|location=Washington|date=3 October 2003|origyear=1994|id=CMH Pub 72-20|isbn=978-0-16-042085-6|access-date=2015-12-12|archive-date=2011-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420065740/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/romar/72-20.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Majdalany|first=Fred|title=Cassino: Portrait of a Battle|publisher=Longmans, Green|location=London|year=1957|oclc=536746}}
* {{cite book|first3=Major-General H.L.|last3=Davies|last2=with Flynn|first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)|last1=Molony|first1=Brigadier C.J.C.|last4=Gleave|first4=Group Captain T.P.|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=Sir James|editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944|publisher=Naval & Military Press|location=Uckfield, UK|year=2004|origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1973|isbn=1-84574-069-6|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|first3=Major-General H.L.|last3=Davies|last2=with Flynn|first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)|last1=Molony|first1=Brigadier C.J.C.|last4=Gleave|first4=Group Captain T.P.|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=Sir James|editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler|others=Revised by Jackson, General Sir William|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume VI: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part 1 – 1st April to 4th June 1944|publisher=Naval & Military Press|location=Uckfield, UK|year=2004|origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1984|isbn=1-84574-070-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* Muhm, Gerhard: German Tactics in the Italian Campaign, http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927070658/http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}
* {{cite book|last2=Cloud|first2=Stanley|last1=Olson|first1=Lynne|title=A Question of Honor|publisher=Vintage|year=2003|isbn=0-375-72625-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Parker|first=Matthew|title=Monte Cassino: The Hardest-Fought Battle of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/montecassinohard0000park|publisher=Doubleday|year=2004|isbn=0-385-50985-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Phillips|first=N.C.|title=Italy Volume I: The Sangro to Cassino|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Ita.html|accessdate=2007-11-28|series=Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45|year=1957|publisher=War History Branch, Department Of Internal Affairs|location=Wellington, New Zealand|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071117095331/http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Ita.html|archivedate= 17 November 2007 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Janusz Piekałkiewicz|last=Piekalkiewicz|first=Janusz|title=Cassino: Anatomy of the Battle|url=https://archive.org/details/cassinoanatomyof0000piek|publisher=Historical Times|year=1987|isbn=0-918678-32-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|title=The Unholy Alliance. Stalin's Pact with Hitler|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1989}}
* {{cite book|last=Sanford|first=George|title=Poland. The conquest of history|publisher=Hardwood academic publishers|year=1999|isbn=90-5702-346-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Albert F.|last=Simpson|editor1-last=Craven|editor1-first=Wesley Frank|editor2-last=Cate|editor2-first=James Lea|series=The Army Air Forces in World War II|title=Volume Three. Europe: Argument to V-E Day, January 1944 to May 1945. Section III – Italy|chapter=Chapter 10. Anzio|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jTXWGhwBacAC&pg=PR31|publisher=University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Office of Airforce History|year=1983|origyear=1951|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTXWGhwBacAC&pg=PR31&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1&sig=ACfU3U1fBs6pwj1UIfBLWc4DV6nlRjYXaA#PPA325,M1|oclc=314452493|isbn=978-0-912799-03-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarbans|title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 – 1971|publisher=Vision Books|location= New Delhi|year=1993|isbn=81-7094-115-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=E. D.|title=The Battles For Monte Cassino|url=https://archive.org/details/battlesforcassin0000smit|publisher=Ian Allan|location=London|year=1975|isbn=0-7153-9421-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Col. Kenneth V.|last=Smith|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm|title=Naples-Foggia 9 September 1943-21 January 1944|series=U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington|year=c. 1990|id=CMH Pub 72-17|access-date=2015-12-12|archive-date=2016-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906075921/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last1=Squire|first1=G.L.A.|last2=Hill|first2=P.G.E.|title=The Surreys in Italy|publisher=The Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment Museum|location=Clandon, Surrey|year=1992}}
* {{cite book|last=Stefancic|first=David|title=Armies in exile|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-88033-565-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Isabel|title=Hitler's silent partner|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerssilentpar0000vinc|publisher=William Morrow|year=1997}}
* {{cite book|last=Whiting|first=Charles|title=Hunters from the Sky, The German Parachute Corps 1940–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/huntersfromskyge00whit|publisher=Leo Cooper|location=London|year=1974|oclc=43073002}}
=== Prancis ===
* [http://www.farac.org/php/article.php3?id_article=64 François Lescel (2002), ''Fédération des Amicales Régimentaires et des Anciens Combattants website article no. 366 (March 2002) "Goumiers, Goums, Tabors"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035152/http://www.farac.org/php/article.php3?id_article=64 |date=2007-03-11 }} {{fr icon}}
=== Jerman ===
Baris 120 ⟶ 123:
== Pranala luar ==
* SMU's [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/fjd Frank J. Davis World War II Photographs] contain [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=any&CISOBOX1=italy&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=%2Ffjd&CISOSTART=1,73 95 images of Italy], including [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=any&CISOBOX1=cassino&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=%2Ffjd 28 photographs taken just after the Italian battle of Cassino]
* [http://battlefieldseurope.co.uk/ww2it.aspx Illustrated article on the Battle of Monte Cassino at Battlefields Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611072101/http://battlefieldseurope.co.uk/ww2it.aspx |date=2008-06-11 }}
* [http://www.montecassino-stiftung.de/en/index.html Richard Hartinger's Monte Cassino Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109044641/http://www.montecassino-stiftung.de/en/index.html |date=2009-01-09 }}
* [http://www.historicaleye.com/montecass.html Masters of Monte Cassino] The Polish II Corps' battle for the monastery
* [http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5426 Oral history interview with Joseph J. Menditto, an infantryman in the Battle of Monte Cassino] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121212153002/http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5426 |date=2012-12-12 }} from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
* [http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it Dal Volturno a Cassino] a website that has as its main purpose to collect and disseminate information on both, notably to the battle of Cassino is to all those events less known, but it must be related, temporally preceding and the following. {{it icon}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.20302|name="Combat Bulletin No. 4 (1944)"}}
Baris 134 ⟶ 137:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monte Cassino, Pertempuran}}
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