Richard Lynn: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Richard Lynn''' (lahir 20 Februari 1930)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lynn, Richard, 1930-|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50037414.html|website=Library of Congress Name Authority File|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Memoirs">{{Cite book|last=Lynn|first=Richard|year=2020a|title=Memoirs of a Dissident Psychologist|publisher=Ulster Institute for Social Research|isbn=9780993000188}}</ref> adalah seorang [[psikolog]] dan [[penulis]] asal [[Inggris]] yang kontroversial. Dia adalah mantan profesor [[emeritus]] psikologi di [[Universitas Ulster]]. Gelar professornyaprofesornya dicabut oleh universitas pada tahun 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2018-04-14|title=Ulster University withdraws status from Prof Richard Lynn|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-43768132|work=BBC News|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Dia adalah mantan asisten editor dan pemimpin redaksi jurnal ''[[Triwulanan Manusia|Mankind Quarterly]]'', sebuah jurnal yang umumnya dideskripsikan sebagai jurnal [[supremasi kulit putih]] dan pendukung [[rasisme ilmiah]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson Jr.|first=John P.|last2=Winston|first2=Andrew S.|date=7 October 2020|title=The Mythical Taboo on Race and Intelligence|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/UC8HG8URH2WQWVIWN5AG/full|journal=Reviews of General Psychology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=3–26|doi=10.1177/1089268020953622}}</ref><ref>Joe L. Kincheloe, et al., ''Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined'', Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, p.&nbsp;39</ref><ref>Ibrahim G. Aoudé, ''The ethnic studies story: politics and social movements in Hawaiʻi'', University of Hawaii Press, 1999, pg. 111</ref><ref>Kenneth Leech, ''Race'', Church Publishing, Inc., 2005, pg. 14</ref><ref>William H. Tucker, ''The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund'', University of Illinois Press, 2002, pg. 2</ref> Bidang kajian Lynn adalah mengenai kecerdasan dan ia dikenal karena keyakinannya pada perbedaan [[Perbedaan jenis kelamin dalam kecerdasan|seksual]] dan [[Ras dan kecerdasan|ras dalam kecerdasan]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Richard Lynn|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/richard-lynn|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=2016-02-07}}</ref> Lynn menempuh pendidikan di [[King's College, Cambridge]], di Inggris. Ia pernah bekerja sebagai dosen psikologi di [[Universitas Exeter|University of Exeter]] dan sebagai profesor psikologi di [[Lembaga Penelitian Ekonomi dan Sosial|Economic and Social Research Institute]], Dublin, dan di [[Universitas Ulster di Coleraine|University of Ulster di Coleraine]].

Banyak ilmuwan telah mengkritik karya Lynn tentang perbedaan ras dan [[Bangsa dan intelijen|kebangsaan dalam kecerdasan]] karena kurang memenuhi standar ketelitian ilmiah, salah mengartikan data, dan untuk mempromosikan agenda politik rasialis.<ref name="Hunt, E. 2008 pp. 1-9">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=E|last2=Wittmann|first2=W.|year=2008|title=National intelligence and national prosperity|journal=Intelligence|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2006.11.002}}</ref><ref name="Kamin">{{Citecite magazine |title=Behind the Bell Curve |last=Kamin |first=Leon |magazine=Scientific American |page=100 |url=http://biology.duke.edu/rausher/Kamin.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143803/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/rausher/Kamin.pdf |archivedatearchive-date=5 March 2016 |quote=Lynn's distortions and misrepresentations of the data constitute a truly venomous racism, combined with the scandalous disregard for scientific objectivity}}</ref><ref name="valone">{{Cite journal|last=Valone|first=David A.|year=2002|title=Richard Lynn: Eugenics: A Reassessment, review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_2002-09_93_3/page/534|journal=Isis|volume=93|issue=3|page=534|doi=10.1086/374143}}</ref><ref name="Manfred">{{Cite book|last=Velden|first=Manfred|year=2010|title=Biologism: The Consequence of an Illusion|publisher=V&R unipress GmbH|page=118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Carter A.|year=1996|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780803973367|title=Racism: From Slavery to Advanced Capitalism|publisher=SAGE|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780803973367/page/229 229]|quote=At best Lynn's approach is racial propaganda or biased research driven by a strong prejudice against blacks and a strong need to believe in their genetic inferiority. At worst, Lynn's research arises out of a malicious and dishonest effort to demonstrate the genetic inferiority of blacks|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Susan M.|last2=Williams|first2=Wendy|year=2004|title=National Intelligence and The Emperor's New Clothes|journal=PsycCRITIQUES|volume=49|issue=4|pages=389–396|doi=10.1037/004367|quote=Among this book's strengths are that it argues for a point of view unpopular within the scientific community, it relies on hard data to make its points, its organisation and clarity. Also, the book is expansive in its thinking and argumentation. All of these strengths considered, however, we believe that the arguments advanced in the book are flawed by an omnipresent logical fallacy and confusion of correlation with causation that undermines the foundation of the book.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Valencia|first=Richard R.|year=2010|title=Dismantling Contemporary Deficit Thinking: Educational Thought and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/dismantlingconte0000vale|publisher=Routledge|pages=56–61[https://archive.org/details/dismantlingconte0000vale/page/56 56]–61}}</ref> Sejumlah cendekiawan dan intelektual menyatakan bahwa Lynn terkait dengan jaringan akademisi dan organisasi yang mempromosikan [[rasisme ilmiah]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gross|first=Richard|year=2015|title=Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour|publisher=Harchette|edition=7th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Richards|first=Graham|year=2004|title=Race, Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History|publisher=Routledge|page=280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferber|first=Abby L.|year=2012|title=Home-Grown Hate: Gender and Organized Racism|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name="Neisser">{{Cite journal|last=Neisser|first=Ulric|year=2004|title=Serious Scientists or Disgusting Racists?|journal=PsycCRITIQUES|volume=49|issue=1|pages=5–7|doi=10.1037/004224}}</ref><ref name="Gelb">{{Citation|title=Heart of Darkness: The Discreet Charm of the Hereditarian Psychologist|first=Steven A.|last=Gelb|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=19|number=1|pages=129–139|year=1997|doi=10.1080/1071441970190110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kenny|first=M. G.|year=2002|title=Toward a racial abyss: Eugenics, Wickliffe Draper, and the origins of The Pioneer Fund|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-the-behavioral-sciences_2002_summer_38_3/page/259|journal=J. Hist. Behav. Sci.|volume=38|issue=3|pages=259–283|doi=10.1002/jhbs.10063|pmid=12115787}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehler|first=Barry|year=1989|title=Foundation for fascism: The new eugenics movement in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_patterns-of-prejudice_winter-1989-1990_23_4/page/17|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=23|issue=4|pages=17–25|doi=10.1080/0031322x.1989.9970026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newby|first=Robert G.|last2=Newby|first2=Diane E.|year=1995|title=The Bell Curve: Another Chapter in the Continuing Political Economy of Racism|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|volume=39|issue=1|pages=12–24|doi=10.1177/0002764295039001003}}</ref><ref name="MythOfRace">{{Cite book|last=Sussman|first=Robert Wald|year=2014|title=The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea|url=https://archive.org/details/mythofracetroubl0000suss|publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> Pada akhir 1970-an, Lynn menulis bahwa ia menemukan bahwa [[orang asia timur|orang Asia Timur]] memiliki [[Kecerdasan intelektual|kecerdasan]] rata-rata (IQ) yang lebih tinggi daripada [[Orang kulit putih|orang Eropa]] dan orang Eropa memiliki IQ rata-rata lebih tinggi daripada [[Afrika Sub-Sahara|orang Afrika sub-Sahara]]. Pada tahun 1990, ia mengusulkan agar [[efek Flynn]]&nbsp;– peningkatan bertahap dalam skor IQ yang diamati di seluruh dunia sejak tahun 1930-an&nbsp;– mungkin bisa dijelaskan dengan perbaikan nutrisi. Dalam dua buku yang ditulis bersama [[Tatu Vanhanen]], Lynn dan Vanhanen berpendapat bahwa perbedaan indeks perkembangan di antara berbagai negara sebagian disebabkan oleh IQ rata-rata warganya. [[Earl B. Hunt|Earl Hunt]] dan Werner Wittmann (2008) mempertanyakan validitas metode penelitian mereka dan kualitas yang sangat tidak konsisten dari titik data yang tersedia yang digunakan Lynn dan Vanhanen dalam analisis mereka.<ref name="Hunt, E. 2008 pp. 1-9" /> Lynn juga berpendapat bahwa tingkat kesuburan yang tinggi di antara individu dengan IQ rendah merupakan ancaman besar bagi peradaban Barat, karena ia berkeyakinan bahwa orang dengan skor IQ rendah pada akhirnya akan melebihi jumlah individu dengan IQ tinggi. Dia berargumen untuk mendukung langkah-langkah politik untuk mencegah hal ini, termasuk kebijakan anti-imigrasi dan [[eugenika]], yang kemudian memicu kritik keras secara internasional.<ref name="Kamin" /><ref name="valone" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Forget polio, Pakistan is 'BIGGER' than India and size is all that matters!|first=Rabia|last=Ahmed|date=19 Apr 2014|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/21755/forget-polio-pakistan-is-bigger-than-india-and-size-is-all-that-matters/|access-date=1 Jun 2016}}</ref><ref name="valone" />