Isokrates: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Isocrates_pushkin.jpg|jmpl|361x361px|Patung IsokratisIsokrates; gips di [[Museum Pushkin]] sebelumnya di Villa Albani, Roma]]

'''IsokratisIsokrates''' ({{IPAc-en}}; {{Lang-grc-gre|Ἰσοκράτης|Isokrátes}}; 436-338 SM), merupakan seorang [[retorika]] [[Yunani kuno]] dan adalah satu dari [[deklamator Attik]]. Di antara retorika Yunani yang paling berpengaruh di zamannya, IsokratisIsokrates memberikan banyak kontribusi untuk retorika dan pendidikan melalui pengajaran dan karya tulisnya.

Retorika Yunani umumnya ditelusuri ke [[Korax Sirakusa]], yang pertama kali merumuskan serangkaian aturan retoris pada abad ke-5 SM. Muridnya [[Tisias]] berpengaruh dalam pengembangan retorika ruang sidang, dan oleh beberapa akun adalah guru IsokratisIsokrates. Dalam dua generasi, retorika telah menjadi seni yang penting, pertumbuhannya didorong oleh perubahan sosial dan politik seperti demokrasi dan pengadilan hukum.

IsokratisIsokrates lahir dari keluarga kaya raya di Athena dan menerima pendidikan tingkat pertama. Dia sangat dipengaruhi oleh guru-guru sofisnya, [[Prodikos]] dan [[Gorgias]], dan juga sangat mengenal [[Socrates]]. Setelah [[Perang Peloponnesos]], keluarganya kehilangan kekayaannya, dan IsokratisIsokrates dipaksa mencari nafkah.

Karier profesionalnya dikatakan dimulai dengan [[logografi]]: dia adalah seorang penulis pidato pengadilan yang disewa. Warga Athena tidak menyewa pengacara; prosedur hukum membutuhkan representasi diri. Sebaliknya, mereka akan mempekerjakan orang-orang seperti IsokratisIsokrates untuk menulis pidato bagi mereka. IsokratisIsokrates memiliki bakat luar biasa untuk ini karena dia kurang percaya diri dalam berbicara di depan umum.  Suara lemahnya memotivasi dia untuk menerbitkan pamflet dan meskipun dia tidak memainkan peran langsung dalam urusan negara, pidato tertulisnya mempengaruhi publik dan memberikan wawasan yang signifikan ke dalam isu-isu politik utama saat itu.<ref name="yorku1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezprozy.library.yorku.ca/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t133.e343|title=Isocrates|last=Cackwell|first=George Law|year=1998|work=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|publisher=Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth {{pipe}} Oxford University Press|location=York University|accessdate=October 18, 2011}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

Pada sekitar tahun 392 SM dia mendirikan sekolah retorikanya sendiri (pada saat itu, Athena tidak memiliki kurikulum standar untuk pendidikan tinggi; [[sofis]] biasanya berkeliling), dan terbukti bukan hanya seorang guru yang berpengaruh, tetapi seorang pengusaha yang cerdas. Tunjangannya luar biasa tinggi, dan dia menerima tidak lebih dari sembilan murid sekaligus. Banyak dari mereka kemudian menjadi filsuf, legislator dan sejarawan. Sebagai akibatnya, ia mengumpulkan banyak uang. Menurut [[Plinius yang Tua|Plinius Tua]] (''NH'' VII.30) dia bisa menjual orasi tunggal sebesar dua puluh [[talenta Attik|talenta]].

* {{Cite book|title=The rhetorical tradition: Readings from classical times to the present|url=https://archive.org/details/rhetoricaltradit0000unse|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|year=2001|isbn=0-312-14839-9|editor-last=Bizzell|editor-first=Patricia|edition=2nd|location=Boston|editor-last2=Herzberg|editor-first2=Bruce}}

* {{Cite book|title=Isokrates: Seine Positionen in der Auseinandersetzung mit den zeitgenössischen Philosophen|last=Eucken|first=von Christoph|publisher=W. de Gruyter|year=1983|isbn=3-11-008646-8|location=Berlin|language=German}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) [[Kategori:CS1* maint:{{Cite Unrecognizedbook|title=The language]]rhetoric of Western thought|last=Golden|first=James L.|last2=Berquist|first2=Goodwin F.|last3=Coleman|first3=William E.|publisher=Kendall / Hunt|year=2007|isbn=0-7575-3838-X|edition=9th|location=Dubuque, IA}}

* {{Cite book|title=The rhetoricGreek ofand WesternRoman thoughtCritics|lasturl=Golden|first=James Lhttps://archive.org/details/greekromancritic0000grub|last2last=BerquistGrube|first2first=Goodwin FG.|last3=Coleman|first3=William EM.A.|publisher=Kendall / HuntMethuen|year=2007|isbn=0-7575-3838-X|edition=9th1965|location=Dubuque, IALondon}}

* {{Cite book|title=The GreekLogos and Romanpower Criticsin Isocrates and Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/logospowerinisoc0000hask|last=GrubeHaskins|first=G.M.AEkaterina V.|publisher=MethuenUniversity of South Carolina Press|year=19652004|isbn=1-57003-526-1|location=LondonColumbia, SC}}

* {{Cite book|title=Logos and power in Isocrates and Aristotle|lasturl=Haskinshttps://archive.org/details/isocrates0002isoc|firstlast=Ekaterina V.Isocrates|publisher=Harvard University ofPress|others=George SouthNorlin, CarolinaLarue Pressvan Hook, trans|year=20041968|isbn=10-57003674-52699231-18|series=[[Loeb Classical Library]]|location=ColumbiaCambridge, SCMA.}}

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Displays in quotes." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Isocrates and the Greek Poetic Tradition</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. 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* {{Cite book|title=Speaking for the polis: Isocrates' rhetorical education|url=https://archive.org/details/speakingforpolis0000poul|last=Poulakos|first=Takis|publisher=Univ. of South Carolina Press|year=1997|isbn=1-57003-177-0|location=Columbia, SC}}

<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Speaking for the polis: Isocrates' rhetorical education</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Poulakos</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">Takis</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Univ. of South Carolina Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1997</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">1-57003-177-0</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" style="position: relative;">Columbia, SC</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;"lastn&quot;" to &quot;"firstn&quot;" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" style="position: relative;">Poulakos</div></div></div></div>

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* {{Cite book|title=The rhetoric of identity in Isocrates: text, power, pedagogy|url=https://archive.org/details/rhetoricofidenti0000tooy|last=Too|first=Yun Lee|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|year=1995|isbn=0-521-47406-X|location=Cambridge}}

* {{Cite book|title=Isokrates, Platon und ihr Publikum: Hörer und Leser von Literatur im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.|last=Usener|first=Sylvia|publisher=Narr|year=1994|isbn=3-8233-4278-9|location=Tübingen|language=German}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) [[Kategori:CS1* maint:Robin UnrecognizedWaterfield's language]]Notes to his translation of Plato's 'Phaedrus', Oxford University Press, 2002.