Nikephoros Bryennius Tua: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Adesio2010 (bicara | kontrib)
Dibuat dengan menerjemahkan halaman "Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder"
 
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{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty|name=Nikephoros Bryennios|title=[[Usurper]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]]|reign=1077–1078|predecessor=[[Michael VII]]|successor=[[Nikephoros III]]|father=[[Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)|Nikephoros Bryennios]]}}'''Nikephoros Bryennios Tua''' ({{Lang-el|Νικηφόρος Βρυέννιος ο πρεσβύτερος}}), [[Romanisasi|dilatinkan]] sebagai '''Nikephoros Bryennius''', merupakan seorang jenderal [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Bizantium]] yang mencoba membangun dirinya sebagai Kaisar pada akhir abad kesebelas. Orang-orang sezamannya menganggapnya sebagai ahli taktik terbaik di kekaisaran.<ref name="Canduci, pg. 276">Canduci, pg. 276</ref>
|name=Nikephoros Bryennios
|title=[[Perebut kekuasaan]] [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]]
|reign=1077–1078
|predecessor=[[Mikhaēl VII Doukas]]
|successor=[[Nikephoros III Botaneiates]]
|father=[[Nikephoros Bryennios (Etnark)|Nikephoros Bryennios]]}}
{{Infobox royalty|name=Nikephoros Bryennios|title=[[Usurper]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]]|reign=1077–1078|predecessor=[[Michael VII]]|successor=[[Nikephoros III]]|father=[[Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)|Nikephoros Bryennios]]}}'''Nikephoros Bryennios Tua''' ({{Lang-el|Νικηφόρος Βρυέννιος ο πρεσβύτερος}}), [[Romanisasi|dilatinkan]] sebagai '''Nikephoros Bryennius''', merupakan seorang jenderal [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Bizantium]] yang mencoba membangun dirinya sebagai Kaisar pada akhir abad kesebelas. Orang-orang sezamannya menganggapnya sebagai ahli taktik terbaik di kekaisaran.<ref name="Canduci, pg. 276">Canduci, pg. 276</ref>
 
== Awal karier ==
Nikephoros terus meningkat melalui jajaran militer, sampai-sampai dia diberi perintah penting oleh [[Romanos IV Diogenes|Romanos IV]] di [[Pertempuran Manzikert]] pada tahun 1071.<ref>Norwich, pg. 348</ref>  Komandan sayap kiri pasukan Bizantium, ia adalah salah satu dari sedikit jenderal yang tampil baik di pertempuran itu.<ref name="Canduci, pg. 276" /><ref name="Norwich, ''Byzantium: The Decline and Fall'', pg. 3">Norwich, ''Byzantium: The Decline and Fall'', pg. 3</ref>
 
Pada tahun 1072-1073, ia melayani sebagai ''[[Dux|doux]]'' di Bulgaria, di mana ia menerapkan kembali kendali Bizantium setelah serangkaian pemberontakan,<ref>Norwich, pg. 359</ref> dan kemudian diangkat ke posisi penting doux dari [[Dyrrachion (thema)|Dyrrhachium]].<ref>Comnena, Book 1, Ch 4</ref> Pada sekitar tahun 1077 Nikephoros, sekarang mantan gubernur Dyrrhachium, menjadi muak dengan perjanjian [[Mikhaēl VII Doukas|Mikhael VII]] dengan [[Dinasti Seljuk|Turk Seljuk]], di mana sebagian besar Anatolia diserahkan kepada mereka,<ref name="Finlay, pg. 55">Finlay, pg. 55</ref> dan memutuskan bahwa Mikhael tidak efektif dan tidak kompeten.<ref name="Norwich, pg. 360">Norwich, pg. 360</ref>  Kelemahan kaisar, keserakahan para menteri utamanya, dan penemuan bahwa menteri utama Mikhael, [[Nikephoritzes]], telah mendaftarkannya untuk pembunuhan, mendorongnya untuk melakukan upaya pada takhta.<ref name="Norwich, pg. 360" />
 
== Pemberontakan dan hidup kemudian  ==
Merakit pasukan Vlach, Bulgaria, Sclavonia, Italia, Franka, Uzes, dan Pelloponesos,<ref name="Finlay, pg. 55" /> pada November 1077 pasukannya mencapai dinding [[Konstantinopel]].<ref name="Norwich, pg. 360" /> Tidak peduli tentang penduduk Konstantinopel, ia membiarkan pasukannya menjarah dan membakar pinggiran kota. <ref name="Finlay, pg. 55" /> Tingkah laku pasukannya menghasilkan penentangan terhadap klaimnya, bahwa Michael yang malang memaksanya untuk menaikkan pengepungan dan mundur ke ThraceTrakia,<ref name="Norwich, ''Byzantium: The Decline and Fall'', pg. 3"/> menggunakan alasan dari serangan [[Pecheneg]] ke Trakia sebagai penutup.<ref name="Finlay, pg. 55" />
 
Kelemahan politiknya memungkinkan [[Nikephoros III Botaneiates]] menjadi kaisar, yang menawarkan Bryennios ''gelar [[Caesar (gelar)|Caesar]]'' jika dia mau tunduk padanya. Bryennios menolak,<ref name="Canduci, pg. 276" /> dan Botaneiates mengirim [[Alexius I Komnenus|Alexius Komnenus]] muda melawannya dengan pasukan yang terdiri dari orang-orang Yunani, Franka dan kavaleri Turk.<ref name="Finlay, pg. 57">Finlay, pg. 57</ref>  Meskipun memiliki pasukan yang secara signifikan lebih unggul, di Pertempuran Kalavrye, dekat sungai Halmyros, Bryennios dikalahkan dan ditangkap. Dia kemudian [[mutilasi politik dalam kebudayaan Bizantium|dibutakan]].<ref>Norwich, pg. 361</ref> Karena dia tidak lagi menjadi ancaman, Nikephoros III mengizinkan wilayah dan propertinya dikembalikan kepadanya, dan memberi Bryennios penghargaan baru. Bryennios tampaknya pensiun ke pangkalannya di [[Edirne|Adrianopel]].<ref>Kazhdan, pg. 331</ref>  Meskipun kebutaannya, ia memimpin pertahanan kota terhadap serangan [[Cuman]] pada tahun 1094/5, dipimpin oleh seorang penipu yang mengklaim sebagai Konstantinos Diogenes, putra [[Romanos IV Diogenes]], yang meninggal pada tahun 1073.<ref>Comnena, Book 10, Ch 2</ref>
Kelemahan politiknya memungkinkan [[Nikephoros III Botaneiates]] menjadi kaisar, yang menawarkan Bryennios ''gelar [[Caesar (gelar)|Caesar]]'' jika dia mau tunduk padanya. Bryennios menolak,
dan Botaneiates mengirim [[Alexius I Komnenus|Alexius Komnenus]] muda melawannya dengan pasukan yang terdiri dari orang-orang Yunani, Franka dan kavaleri Turk.<ref name="Finlay, pg. 57">Finlay, pg. 57</ref> Meskipun memiliki pasukan yang secara signifikan lebih unggul, di Pertempuran Kalavrye, dekat sungai Halmyros, Bryennios dikalahkan dan ditangkap. Dia kemudian dibutakan.<ref>Norwich, pg. 361</ref> Karena dia tidak lagi menjadi ancaman, Nikephoros III mengizinkan wilayah dan propertinya dikembalikan kepadanya, dan memberi Bryennios penghargaan baru. Bryennios tampaknya pensiun ke pangkalannya di [[Edirne|Adrianopel]].<ref>Kazhdan, pg. 331</ref> Meskipun kebutaannya, ia memimpin pertahanan kota terhadap serangan [[Cuman]] pada tahun 1094/5, dipimpin oleh seorang penipu yang mengklaim sebagai Konstantinos Diogenes, putra [[Romanos IV Diogenes]], yang meninggal pada tahun 1073.<ref>Comnena, Book 10, Ch 2</ref>
 
== Keluarga ==
Baris 16 ⟶ 22:
 
== Referensi ==
 
=== Sumber pertama ===
 
* Anna Comnena, ''The Alexiad''
 
=== Sumber kedua ===
* {{citation | last = Norwich | first = John Julius | title =Byzantium: The Apogee | publisher = Penguin | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-14-011448-3}}
 
* {{citation | last = Canduci | first = Alexander | title =Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors | publisher = Pier 9 | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-74196-598-8}}
* {{Citation|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=Byzantium: The Apogee|year=1993|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-14-011448-3|ISBN=0-14-011448-3}}Lebih dari satu parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> yang digunakan ([[Bantuan:Galat CS1#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki parameter duplikat]]
* {{citation | editor-first = Alexander | editor-last = Kazhdan | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]], Vol. I | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 | pages=330–331}}
 
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.">Citation</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author surname</span><span data-key="last" title="surname of the author of the cited material" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFNorwich1993-last-">Norwich</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author given name</span><span data-key="first" title="given name (first name) of the author of the cited material" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFNorwich1993-first-">John Julius</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">title of source</span><span data-key="title" title="Title of source; displays in italics." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFNorwich1993-title-">Byzantium: The Apogee</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">year</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFNorwich1993-year-">1993</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">publisher</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFNorwich1993-publisher-">Penguin</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">isbn</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFNorwich1993-isbn-">0-14-011448-3</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ISBN" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ISBN" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFNorwich1993-ISBN-">0-14-011448-3</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. 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* {{Citation|last=Canduci|first=Alexander|title=Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors|year=2010|publisher=Pier 9|isbn=978-1-74196-598-8|ISBN=978-1-74196-598-8}}Lebih dari satu parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> yang digunakan ([[Bantuan:Galat CS1#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki parameter duplikat]]
 
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. 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* {{Citation|title=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]], Vol. I|year=1991|pages=330–331|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6|ISBN=978-0-19-504652-6}}Lebih dari satu parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> yang digunakan ([[Bantuan:Galat CS1#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki parameter duplikat]]
 
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.">Citation</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">title of source</span><span data-key="title" title="Title of source; displays in italics." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-title-">[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]], Vol. I</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">year</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-year-">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pages" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">pages</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pages" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-pages-">330–331</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">publisher</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-publisher-">Oxford University Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">editor-last</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-last" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-editor-last-">Kazhdan</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">editor-first</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-first" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-editor-first-">Alexander</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">isbn</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-isbn-">978-0-19-504652-6</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ISBN" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ISBN" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-ISBN-">978-0-19-504652-6</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.">Citation</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">title of source</span><span data-key="title" title="Title of source; displays in italics." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-title-">[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]], Vol. I</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">year</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-year-">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pages" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">pages</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pages" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-pages-">330–331</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">publisher</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-publisher-">Oxford University Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">editor-last</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-last" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-editor-last-">Kazhdan</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">editor-first</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-first" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-editor-first-">Alexander</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">isbn</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-isbn-">978-0-19-504652-6</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ISBN" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ISBN" style="position: relative;" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991-ISBN-">978-0-19-504652-6</div></div></div></div>
* George Finlay, ''History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057 – 1453'', Volume 2, William Blackwood & Sons, 1854
 
== Catatan ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}
 
{{Kaisar Romawi}}
 
[[Kategori:Jenderal Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]]