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Selama kunjungan ke Tata Surya pada 1986, Komet Halley menjadi komet pertama yang diamati dengan detail oleh [[wahana antariksa]], yang memberikan data observasi pertama mengenai struktur nukleus komet dan mekanisme pembentukan [[Koma (komet)|koma]] dan [[Ekor komet|ekor]].<ref name="post">{{Cite journal|last=Mendis|first=D. Asoka|date=1988|title=A Postencounter view of comets|trans-title=Pandangan pasca-pertemuan komet|journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=26|issue=1|pages=11–49|bibcode=1988ARA&A..26...11M|doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.000303}}</ref><ref name="situ">{{Cite book|last1=Keller|first1=Horst Uwe|last2=Britt|first2=Daniel|last3=Buratti|first3=Bonnie J.|last4=Thomas|first4=Nicolas|date=2005|title=Comets II|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2450-1|editor-last1=Festou|editor-first1=Michel|pages=211–222|trans-title=Komet II|chapter=In Situ Observations of Cometary Nuclei|trans-chapter=Observasi In Situ Nukleus Komet|editor-last2=Keller|editor-first2=Horst Uwe|editor-last3=Weaver|editor-first3=Harold A.|editor-link3=Hal A. Weaver|chapter-url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/CometsII/7017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Observasi tersebut mendukung berbagai hipotesis lama mengenai pembentukan komet, terutama model "[[Nukleus komet#"Bola saju kotor"|bola saju kotor]]" oleh [[Fred Whipple]], yang memprediksi dengan benar bahwa Halley terdiri dari campuran es volatil—seperti [[air]], [[karbon dioksida]], dan [[amonia]]—dan [[Debu kosmik|debu]]. Misi tersebut juga memberikan data yang mengubah dan mengatur ulang ide tersebut secara substansial; misalnya, sekarang telah diketahui bahwa tanah Halley sebagian besar terdiri dari material berdebu dan non-volatil, dan hanya sebagian kecil terdiri dari es.
 
== Komputasi orbit ==
Halley adalah komet pertama yang diakui sebagai komet periodik. Hingga [[Renaisans]], konsensus filosofis alam komet, yang didorong oleh Aristotle, adalah bahwa mereka gangguan di atmosfer Bumi. Ide ini dibantah pada 1577 oleh [[Tycho Brahe]], yang menggunakan pengukuran [[paralaks]] untuk menunjukkan bahwa komet harus berada di luar [[Bulan]]. Banyak yang belum terbujuk bahwa komet mengitari Matahari, dan berasumsi bahwa mereka harus melalui jalur lurus melalui Tata Surya.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|pp=14, 25}} Pada 1687, [[Isaac Newton]] menerbitkan [[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]], dimana dia menguraikan hukum [[gravitasi]] dan gerak dia. Karyanya tentang komet jelas tidak lengkap. Walaupun dia menduga bahwa dua komet yang telah muncul bersamaan pada 1680 dan 1681 adalah komet yang sama sebelum dan sesudah melewati di balik Matahari (dia nantinya ditemukan benar; lihat [[Komet Newton]]),{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=35}} dia awalnya tidak dapat memasukkan komet ke modelnya secara penuh.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal|author=D. W. Hughes|date=1988|title=The 'Principia' and Comets|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/531369|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=42|pages=53–74|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1988.0007|jstor=531369|number=1}}</ref>
[[File:Excerpt_of_Halley's_Letter_to_Newton_About_Comets'_Orbits_(MS_Add.3982).jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Excerpt_of_Halley's_Letter_to_Newton_About_Comets'_Orbits_(MS_Add.3982).jpg|jmpl|"Aku harus memohon kamu untuk memperoleh untukku dari Tn. [[John Flamsteed|Flamsteed]] apa yang telah dia amati dari Komet 1682 terutama pada bulan September, untuk aku lebih dan lebih pasti bahwa kami telah melihat Komet tersebut sekarang tiga kali, sejak [[wiktionary:yͤ|yͤ]] Tahun 1531, dia tidak akan menyangkalnya kepadamu, walaupun aku tahu dia akan memberitahu aku.""I must entreat you to procure for me of Mr [[:en:John_Flamsteed|Flamsteed]] what he has observed of the Comett of 1682 particularly in the month of September, for I am more and more confirmed that we have seen that Comett now three times, since [[wiktionary:yͤ|yͤ]] Yeare 1531, he will not deny it you, though I know he will me." —Excerpt of [[:en:Edmond_Halley|Halley]]'s letter to [[:en:Isaac_Newton|Newton]] about comet's orbits (28 September 1695)]]
Akhirnya, Edmond Halley, editor, penerbit, dan teman Halley, menggunakan hukum baru Newton dalam ''Sinopsis Astronomi Komet'' pada 1705 untuk menghitung efek gravitasi Jupiter dan Saturnus terhadap orbit komet. Setelah mengumpulkan daftar 24 observasi komet, dia menghitung bahwa elemen orbit dari komet kedua yang telah muncul pada 1682 hampir sama dengan dua komet yang telah muncul pada 1531 (yang diamati oleh [[Petrus Apianus]]) dan 1607 (diamati oleh [[Johannes Kepler]]).{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=76}} Halley dengan demikian menyimpulkan bahwa ketiga komet tersebut ternyata merupakan objek yang sama yang kembali sekitar setiap 76 tahun, sebuah periode yang sejak itu telah ditemukan bervariasi antara 72 dan 80 tahun.<ref name="Brady1987">{{cite journal|last=Brady|first=Joseph L.|date=1982|title=Halley's Comet AD&nbsp;1986 to 2647&nbsp;BC|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|publisher=Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California|volume=92|pages=209|bibcode=1982JBAA...92..209B}}</ref> Setelah perkiraan kasar pertubasi komet yang dialami dari atraksi gravitasional planet-planet, dia memprediksikan kembali kometnya pada 1758.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=78}} Walaupun dia mengamati kometnya sekitar [[Apsis|perihelion]] pada September 1682,<ref name="yeo_p81">{{Cite journal|last1=Yeomans|first1=Donald Keith|last2=Rahe|first2=Jürgen|last3=Freitag|first3=Ruth S.|date=1986|title=The History of Comet Halley|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume=80|page=81|bibcode=1986JRASC..80...62Y}}</ref> Halley meninggal paa 1742 sebelum dia dapat mengamati kembalinya komet yang diprediksi.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=88}}
 
Prediksi kembalinya komet oleh Halley dibuktikan benar, walaupun tidak terlihat hingga 25 Desember 1758, oleh [[Johann Georg Palitzsch]], seorang astronom amatir dan petani Jerman. Kometnya tidak melewati perihelion hingga 13 Maret 1759, atraksi [[Jupiter]] dan [[Saturnus]] menyebabkan retardasi 618 hari.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=86}} Efek ini dikomputasikan sebelum kembalinya (dengan kesalahan satu bulan ke 13 April){{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1985|p=74}} oleh tim tiga ahli Matematika Prancis, [[Alexis Clairaut]], [[Joseh Lalandae]], dan [[Nicole-Reine Lepaute]]. Konfirmasi kembalinya komet adalah yang pertama kalinya sesuatu selain planet telah ditunjukkan mengitari Matahari.<ref name=":13">{{cite journal|author=David W. Hughes, P. H. Fowler, B. Lovell, D. Lynden-Bell|date=September 1987|title=The History of Halley's Comet [and Discussion]|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A|volume=323|pages=349–367|bibcode=1987RSPTA.323..349H|doi=10.1098/rsta.1987.0091|number=1572}}</ref> Itu juga merupakan salah satu ujian [[Mekanika klasik|fisika Newtonian]] berhasil paling awal, dan demonstrasi jelas kekuatan penjelasannya.<ref name="hughes1987">{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=David W.|display-authors=etal|date=1987|title=The History of Halley's Comet|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]]|volume=323|issue=1572|pages=349–367|bibcode=1987RSPTA.323..349H|doi=10.1098/rsta.1987.0091|jstor=37959|s2cid=123592786}}</ref> Kometnya pertama dinamakan atas nama Halley oleh astronom Prancis [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] pada 1759.<ref name="hughes1987" />
 
Beberapa sarjana mengusulkan bahwa astronom [[Mesopotamia]] pada abad pertama sudah mengakui Komet Halley sebagai komet periodik.<ref name=":14">{{cite journal|last1=Brodetsky|first1=Selig|title=Astronomy in the Babylonian Talmud|journal=Jewish Review|volume=1911|page=60|author-link1=Selig Brodetsky}}</ref> Teori ini mencatat sebuah bagian dalam [[Talmud]] Babylonia, traktat [[Horayot]], yang merujuk "sebuah bintang yang muncul setiap 70 tahun yang membuat kapten kapal keliru".{{sfn|Rayner|1998|pp=108–111}} Orang lain meragukan ide ini berdasarkan pertimbangan sejarah mengenai waktu persis observasi yang diduga ini, dan mengusulkan bahwa itu merujuk ke fenomena astronomis lain.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Veron|first=Phillipe|date=1982|title=La comète de Halley et Mira Ceti dans le Talmud?|journal=L'Astronomie|volume=96|pages=351–355|bibcode=1982LAstr..96..351V}}</ref>
 
Peneliti pada 1981 yang mencoba menghitung orbit lama Halley melalui [[integrasi numerik]] yang dimulai dari observasi akurat pada abad ke-17 dan 18 tidak dapat menampilkan hasil akurat sebelum 837 karena kometnya melintas dekat dengan Bumi pada tahun itu. Mereka harus menggunakan observasi komet oleh orang Tiongkok kuno untuk membatasi perhitungan mereka.
 
Halley was the first comet to be recognised as periodic. Until the [[:en:Renaissance|Renaissance]], the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets, promoted by [[:en:Aristotle|Aristotle]], was that they were disturbances in Earth's atmosphere. This idea was disproven in 1577 by [[:en:Tycho_Brahe|Tycho Brahe]], who used [[:en:Parallax|parallax]] measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the [[:en:Moon|Moon]]. Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun, and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|pp=14, 25}} In 1687, [[:en:Isaac_Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] published his ''[[:en:Philosophiæ_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica|Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', in which he outlined his laws of [[:en:Gravity|gravity]] and motion. His work on comets was decidedly incomplete. Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun (he was later found to be correct; see [[:en:Great_Comet_of_1680|Newton's Comet]]),{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=35}} he was initially unable to completely reconcile comets into his model.<ref name=":12" />
[[File:Excerpt_of_Halley's_Letter_to_Newton_About_Comets'_Orbits_(MS_Add.3982).jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Excerpt_of_Halley's_Letter_to_Newton_About_Comets'_Orbits_(MS_Add.3982).jpg|jmpl|"I must entreat you to procure for me of Mr [[:en:John_Flamsteed|Flamsteed]] what he has observed of the Comett of 1682 particularly in the month of September, for I am more and more confirmed that we have seen that Comett now three times, since [[wiktionary:yͤ|yͤ]] Yeare 1531, he will not deny it you, though I know he will me." —Excerpt of [[:en:Edmond_Halley|Halley]]'s letter to [[:en:Isaac_Newton|Newton]] about comet's orbits (28 September 1695)]]
Ultimately, it was Newton's friend, editor and publisher, [[:en:Edmond_Halley|Edmond Halley]], who, in his 1705 ''Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets'', used Newton's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=76}} Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations, he calculated that the [[:en:Orbital_elements|orbital elements]] of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 (observed by [[:en:Petrus_Apianus|Petrus Apianus]]) and 1607 (observed by [[:en:Johannes_Kepler|Johannes Kepler]]).{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=76}} Halley thus concluded that all three comets were, in fact, the same object returning about every 76 years, a period that has since been found to vary between 72 and 80 years.<ref name="Brady1987" /> After a rough estimate of the [[:en:Perturbation_(astronomy)|perturbations]] the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1758.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=78}} While he had personally observed the comet around [[:en:Perihelion|perihelion]] in September 1682,<ref name="yeo_p81" /> Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=88}}
 
Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by [[:en:Johann_Georg_Palitzsch|Johann Georg Palitzsch]], a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its [[:en:Apsis|perihelion]] until 13 March 1759, the attraction of [[:en:Jupiter|Jupiter]] and [[:en:Saturn|Saturn]] having caused a retardation of 618 days.{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|p=86}} This effect was computed before its return (with a one-month error to 13 April){{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1985|p=74}} by a team of three French mathematicians, [[:en:Alexis_Clairaut|Alexis Clairaut]], [[:en:Jérôme_Lalande|Joseph Lalande]], and [[:en:Nicole-Reine_Lepaute|Nicole-Reine Lepaute]].{{sfn|Lancaster-Brown|1985|pp=84–85}} The confirmation of the comet's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun.<ref name=":13" /> It was also one of the earliest successful tests of [[:en:Newtonian_physics|Newtonian physics]], and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power.<ref name="hughes1987" /> The comet was first named in Halley's honour by French astronomer [[:en:Nicolas-Louis_de_Lacaille|Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] in 1759.<ref name="hughes1987" />
 
Some scholars have proposed that first-century [[:en:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian]] astronomers already had recognised Halley's Comet as periodic.<ref name=":14" /> This theory notes a passage in the Babylonian [[:en:Talmud|Talmud]], tractate [[:en:Horayot#Aggada|Horayot]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tractate Horioth chapter 3|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/tractate-horioth-chapter-3}}</ref> that refers to "a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err".{{sfn|Rayner|1998|pp=108–111}} Others doubt this idea based on historical considerations about the exact timing of this alleged observation, and suggest it refers to other astronomical phenomena.<ref name=":15" />
 
Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by [[:en:Numerical_integration|numerical integration]] starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 owing to a close approach to Earth in that year. It was necessary to use [[:en:Historical_comet_observations_in_China|ancient Chinese comet observations]] to constrain their calculations.<ref>[[F. Richard Stephenson|Stephenson, F. Richard]]; Yau, Kevin K. C., "Oriental tales of Halley's Comet", ''New Scientist'', vol. 103, no. 1423, pp. 30–32, 27 September 1984 {{ISSN|0262-4079}}</ref>
 
==Orbit dan asal==
 
Halley'sPeriode orbitalorbit periodHalley hasbervariasi variedantara between74–79 74tahun and 79 years sincesejak 240 BCSM.<ref name="hughes">{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=David W.|display-authors=etal|date=1987|title=The History of Halley's Comet|trans-title=Sejarah Komet Halley|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]]|volume=323|issue=1572|pages=349–367|bibcode=1987RSPTA.323..349H|doi=10.1098/rsta.1987.0091|jstor=37959|s2cid=123592786}}</ref><ref name="yeo" />{{Cite Itsjournal|last1=Yeomans|first1=Donald orbitKeith|last2=Rahe|first2=Jürgen|last3=Freitag|first3=Ruth aroundS.|date=1986|title=The History of Comet Halley|trans-title=Sejarah Komet Halley|journal=Journal of the [[Sun]]Royal isAstronomical highlySociety of Canada|volume=80|page=70|bibcode=1986JRASC..80...62Y}}</ref> Orbitnya sangat [[Ellipse|ellipticalelips]], with andengan [[orbitaleksentrisitas eccentricityorbit]] of 0.,967 (with 0 beingberupa alingkaran circle anddan 1 being aberupa [[paraboliclintasan trajectoryparabolik]]). The perihelionPerihelionnya, theyaitu point in the comet'stitik orbit whenkomet ityang isterdekat nearestdengan the SunMatahari, isadalah {{Convert|0.,59|au|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}. ThisIni isberada betweendi theantara orbits oforbit [[Mercury (planet)|MercuryMerkurius]] anddan [[Venus]]. Its [[aphelionAphelion|Aphelionnya]], oratau farthesttitik distanceterjauh from thedari SunMatahari, isadalah {{Convert|35|au|e9km|abbr=unit}} (roughlykira-kira the distance ofjarak [[Pluto]]). UnusualAneh foruntuk anobjek objectTata inSurya, the Solar System,orbit Halley's orbit isbersifat [[RetrogradeGerakan andretrograd directdan motionprograd|retrograderetrograd]]; itia orbitsmengitari theMatahari Sundengan inarah theyang oppositeberlawanan directiondengan to the planetsplanet-planet, oratau, clockwisesearah fromjarum abovejam thedari Sun'satas northkutub poleutara Matahari. The orbit is inclinedOrbitnya byterinklinasi 18° to theke [[eclipticekliptika]], with much of it lying south of the ecliptic. (Because itKarena isorbitnya retrograderetrograd, the trueinklinasi inclinationsebenarnya isadalah 162°.)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nakano|first=Syuichi|date=2001|title=OAA computing sectioncircular |publisher=Oriental Astronomical Association |url=http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/nk/nk866.htm |firstpublisher=SyuichiOriental |last=NakanoAstronomical Association|datetrans-title=2001Edaran bagian komputasi OAA|access-date=15 MayMei 2007 }}</ref> OwingMengenai toorbit the retrograde orbitretrogradnya, itia hasmemiliki onesalah ofsatu thekecepatan highesttertinggi velocitiesrelatif relativedengan toBumi thedari [[Earth]]objek ofapapun anydi objectTata in the Solar SystemSurya. TheLintasan 1910 passagememiliki waskecepatan at a [[relative velocity]] ofrelatif {{convert|70.,56|km/s|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="jpldata"/>{{Cite Becauseweb|title=JPL itsSmall-Body orbitDatabase comesBrowser: close1P/Halley|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=1P&view=OPC|website=Browser toDatabase Earth'sBadan Kecicl JPL: 1P/Halley|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|type=11 January 1994 last obs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427033624/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1P;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=1|archive-date=2015-04-27|access-date=28 Juni 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Karena orbitnya berdekatan dengan Bumi indi twodua placestempat, Halley isdikaitkan associateddengan with twodua [[hujan meteor shower]]s: the; [[Eta Aquariids]] inpada earlyawal MayMei, and thedan [[OrionidsOrionid]] inpada lateakhir OctoberOktober.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Meteor Streams|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?meteor_streams|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|trans-title=Aliran Meteor|access-date=15 MarchMaret 2007}}</ref> Halley isadalah theinduk parent body to thedari OrionidsOrionid, whilesementara observationsobservasi conductedyang arounddilakukan thesekitar time ofwaktu Halley's appearancemuncul inpada 1986 suggestedmengusulkan thatbahwa thekometnya cometjuga coulddapat additionally perturb themengganggu Eta Aquariids, althoughwalaupun itia mightmungkin notbukan beinduk thedari parenthujan of thatmeteor showertersebut.<ref name="mitra1986">{{Cite journal|last=Mitra|first=Umasankar|date=1987|title=An Investigation Into the Association Between Eta-Aquarid Meteor Shower and Halley's Comet|firsttrans-title=UmasankarInvestigasi |last=MitraAsosiasi Antara Hujan Meteor Eta-Auarid dan Komet Halley|journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India|volume=15|pages=23|bibcode=1987BASI...15...23M|date=1987|volume=15|pages=23}}</ref>
 
[[File:Orionid12n.jpg|thumb|[[Orionids|Orionid|Meteor meteorOrionid]] originatingyang fromberasal Halley'sdari CometKomet streakingHalley themelesat skydi belowlangit thedi bawah [[MilkyBima WaySakti]] and to thedan rightsebelah ofkanan [[Venus]] ]]
 
Halley diklasifikasikan sebagai ''[[komet]] periodik'' atau ''periode singkat'': komet dengan orbit yang berlangsung selama kurang dari 200 tahun.<ref name="Morbidelli2006">
Halley is classified as a ''periodic'' or ''short-period [[comet]]'': one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less.<ref name="Morbidelli2006" /> This contrasts it with long-period comets, whose orbits last for thousands of years. Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees, and an orbital period of just 6.5 years, so Halley's orbit is atypical.<ref name="hughes">{{Cite journal |first=David W. |last=Hughes |s2cid=123592786 |display-authors=etal |title=The History of Halley's Comet |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]] |pages=349–367 |jstor=37959 |volume=323 |issue=1572 |date=1987 |doi= 10.1098/rsta.1987.0091 |bibcode=1987RSPTA.323..349H }}</ref> Most short-period comets (those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20–30 degrees or less) are called Jupiter-family comets. Those resembling Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called Halley-type comets.<ref name="Morbidelli2006">
{{cite arXiv|first=Alessandro|last=Morbidelli|date=2005|title=Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs|eprint=astro-ph/0512256|trans-title=Asal dan evolusi dinamis komet dan reservoirnya}}</ref> Ini berbeda dengan komet periode lama, dimana orbitnya berlangsung selama ribuan tahun. Komet periodik hanya memiliki inklinasi ke ekliptika sebesar 10 derajat, dan periode orbit 6,5 tahun, sehingga orbit Halley tidak biasa.<ref name="hughes" /> Sebagian besar komet periode singkat (komet dengan periode orbit kurang dari 20 tahun dan inklinasi 20–30 derajat atau kurang) disebut komet keluarga Jupiter. Komet seperti Halley, dengan periode orbit antara 20 dan 200 tahun dan inklinasi dari 0 hingga lebih dari 90 derajat, disebut komet jenis Halley.<ref name="Morbidelli2006" /><ref name="jewitt2002">{{Cite journal|last=Jewitt|first=David C.|author-link=David C. Jewitt|date=2002|title=From Kuiper Belt Object to Cometary Nucleus: The Missing Ultrared Matter|trans-title=Dari Objek Sabuk Kuiper hingga Nukleus Komet: Bahan Ultramerah yang Hilang|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=123|issue=2|pages=1039–1049|bibcode=2002AJ....123.1039J|doi=10.1086/338692|s2cid=122240711|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hingga 2015, hanya 75 komet jenis Halley telah diamati, dibandingkan dengan 511 komet jenis Jupiter yang dikenali.<ref name="yfernandez">{{cite web|last=Fernández|first=Yanga R.|author-link=Yanga R. Fernández|date=28 Juli 2015|title=List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets|url=http://www.physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/cometlist.html|website=|publisher=University of Central Florida: Physics|trans-title=Daftar Komet Keluarga Jupiter dan Keluarga Halley|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
{{cite arXiv
|first=Alessandro |last=Morbidelli
|date=2005
|title=Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs
|eprint=astro-ph/0512256
}}</ref><ref name="jewitt2002">{{Cite journal |title=From Kuiper Belt Object to Cometary Nucleus: The Missing Ultrared Matter |first=David C. |last=Jewitt |author-link=David C. Jewitt |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2002 |volume=123 |issue=2 |pages=1039–1049 |doi=10.1086/338692 |bibcode=2002AJ....123.1039J |s2cid=122240711 |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, only 75 Halley-type comets have been observed, compared with 511 identified Jupiter-family comets.<ref name="yfernandez">{{cite web |first=Yanga R. |last=Fernández |author-link=Yanga R. Fernández |title=List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets |url=http://www.physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/cometlist.html |date=28 July 2015 |publisher=University of Central Florida: Physics |access-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>
 
TheOrbit orbitskomet of thejenis Halley-type cometsmengusulkan suggest that they were originally long-periodbahwa cometsmereka whoseawalnya orbitsadalah werekomet perturbedperiode bylama theyang gravityorbitnya ofterganggu theoleh giantgravitasi planetsplanet andraksasa directeddan intodiarahkan theke innerTata SolarSurya Systemdalam.<ref name="Morbidelli2006" /> IfJika Halley wassebelumnya oncemerupakan akomet long-periodperiode cometlama, ititu ismungkin likelyberasal to have originated in thedari [[awan Oort cloud]],<ref name="jewitt2002" /> asebuah spherebola ofbadan cometarykomet bodiesyang aroundberjarak [[Oortsekitar Cloud#Structure and composition|20,.000–50,.000 au]] from thedari SunMatahari. ConverselySebaliknya thekomet keluarga Jupiter-family cometsumumnya arediyakini generallyberasal believed to originate in thedari [[sabuk Kuiper belt]],<ref name="jewitt2002" /> ayaitu flatpiringan discdatar ofpuing-puing icyber-es debris betweenantara 30 au (Neptune'sorbit orbitNeptunus) anddan 50 au fromdari the SunMatahari (in thedalam [[scatteredpiringan disctersebar]]). AnotherTitik pointasal oflain originuntuk forkomet thejenis Halley-type cometsdiusulkan was proposed inpada 2008, whenketika asebuah [[objek trans-Neptunian objectNeptunus]] with a retrogradedengan orbit similarretrograd toseperti Halley's was discoveredditemukan, {{mpl|2008 KV|42}}, whose orbit takes it fromdimana justorbitnya outsidemembawanya thatdari ofluar Uranus tohingga twicedua thekali distance ofjarak Pluto. ItIni maymungkin beanggota apopulasi memberbaru ofbenda-benda akecil newTata populationSurya ofyang smallmenjadi Solarsumber Systemkomet bodies that serves as the source ofjenis Halley-type comets.<ref name="Gladman2009yfernandez">{{Cite journal |first=Brett J. |last=Gladman |author-link=Brett J. Gladman |display-authors=etal |title=Discovery of the first retrograde transneptunian object |date=2009 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=697 |issue=2 |pages=L91–L94 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L91 |bibcode=2009ApJ...697L..91G |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
Halley mungkin telah berada dalam orbitnya saat ini untuk 16.000–200.000 tahun, walaupun tidak mungkin menentukan orbitnya untuk lebih dari beberapa puluh penampakan, dan pendekatan dekat sebelum 837 M hanya dapat diverifikasi dari observasi tercatat.<ref name="Olsson1987">{{Cite journal|last=Olsson-Steel|first=Duncan I.|date=1987|title=The dynamical lifetime of comet P/Halley|trans-title=Jangka hidup dinamis komet P/Halley|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=187|issue=1–2|pages=909–912|bibcode=1987A&A...187..909O}}</ref> Efek non-gravitasional bisa menjadi sangat penting;<ref name="Olsson1987" /> seiring Halley mendekati Matahari, ia mengeluarkan pancuran gas menyublim dari permukaannya, yang membuatnya sedikit keluar dari jalur orbitnya. Perubahan orbit tersebut memicu jeda [[Apsis|perihelion]] rata-rata 4 hari.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|last=Yeomans|first=Donald Keith|date=1991|url=https://archive.org/details/cometschronologi0000yeom|title=Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore|publisher=Wiley and Sons|isbn=0-471-61011-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cometschronologi0000yeom/page/260 260–261]|trans-title=Komet: Sejarah Kronologis Observasi, Sains, Mitos, dan Cerita Rakyat|url-access=registration|url-status=live}}</ref>
Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000–200,000 years, although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions, and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations.<ref name="Olsson1987">{{Cite journal
|first=Duncan I. |last=Olsson-Steel
|title=The dynamical lifetime of comet P/Halley
|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
|volume=187 |issue=1–2 |pages=909–912 |date=1987
|bibcode=1987A&A...187..909O }}</ref> The non-gravitational effects can be crucial;<ref name="Olsson1987" /> as Halley approaches the Sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. These orbital changes cause delays in its [[perihelion]] of four days on average.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore |url=https://archive.org/details/cometschronologi0000yeom |url-access=registration |first=Donald Keith |last=Yeomans |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cometschronologi0000yeom/page/260 260–261] |date=1991 |publisher=Wiley and Sons |isbn=0-471-61011-9 }}</ref>
 
InPada 1989, [[Boris Chirikov]] anddan Vitold Vecheslavov performedmelakukan an analysis ofanalisis 46 apparitionspenampakan ofKomet Halley's Cometyang takendiambil fromdari historicalcatatan recordsbersejarah anddan computersimulasi simulationskomputer. ThesePenelitian studiestersebut showedmenunjukkan thatbahwa itsdinamikanya dynamicskacau weredan chaotictidak anddapat unpredictablediprediksi ondalam longjangka timescalespanjang.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chirikov|first1=Boris V. |last1last2=Chirikov |author-link1=Boris Chirikov Vecheslavov|first2=Vitold V. |last2date=Vecheslavov 1989|title=Chaotic dynamics of comet Halley|journaltrans-title=AstronomyDinamika andkacau Astrophysics |volume=221 |issue=1 |date=1989 |pages=146–154komet Halley|url=http://www.quantware.ups-tlse.fr/chirikov/refs/chi1989a.pdf|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=221|issue=1|pages=146–154|bibcode=1989A&A...221..146C|author-link1=Boris Chirikov}}</ref> Halley'sPerkiraan projectedjangka lifetimekehidupan could be asHalley longbisa asmencapai 10&nbsp;millionjuta yearstahun. ThesePenelitian studiestersebut alsojuga showedmenunjukkan thatbahwa manybanyak physicalproperti propertiesfisik ofdari Halley'sdinamika CometKomet dynamicsHalley candapat bedijelaskan approximatelysecara describedkasar by a simpledengan [[symplectomorphismSimplektomorfisme|symplecticpeta mapsimplektik]] sederhana, knownyang asdikenal thesebagai [[peta Kepler map]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Lages|first1=José |last1last2=Lages Shepelyansky|first2=Dima L. |last2last3=Shepelyansky Shevchenko|first3=Ivan I. |last3date=Shevchenko 2018|title=Kepler map|trans-title=Peta Kepler|journal=Scholarpedia |volume=13 |issue=2 |date=2018 |pages=33238 |bibcode=2018SchpJ..1333238L|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.33238 |bibcode=2018SchpJ..1333238L |doi-access=free }}</ref> MorePekerjaan recentlebih workbaru suggestsmengusulkan thatbahwa Halley willakan evaporatemenguap, oratau splitmembelah inmenjadi twodua, withindalam thebeberapa nextribuan few tens of thousands of yearstahun, oratau willdikeluarkan bedari ejectedTata fromSurya thedalam Solarbeberapa Systemratusan withinribu a few hundred thousand yearstahun.<ref name=":11">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Matt|date=12 June 2015|title=What Is Halley's Comet?|url=http://www.universetoday.com/48991/halleys-comet/|website=Universe today|datetrans-title=12Apa Juneitu 2015Komet Halley?}}</ref> <!-- addedmenambahkan thisini becausekarena ititu summarizesmenyimpulkan jewitt2002whichjewitt2002 isyang verysangat technicalteknis anddan hardsusah to readdibaca--><ref name="jewitt2002" /> ObservationsPengamatan byoleh D. W. Hughes suggestmengusulkan thatbahwa Halley'smassa nucleusnukleus hasHalley beentelah reducedberkurang insebesar mass by 80 to 9080–90% over the lastselama 2,.000–3.000 to 3,000revolusi revolutionsterakhir.<ref name="situ" />
 
==Struktur dan komposisi==