Osteichthyes: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Osteichthyes
| fossil_range = <br/>[[Ludlow (sub-kala)|Silur Akhir]]–[[Holosen|sekarang]], {{fossil range|earliest=Late Silurian|425|0|ref=<ref name="Zhao2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=W. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Jia |first3=G. |last4=Shen |first4=Y. |last5=Zhu |first5=M. |year=2021 |title=The Silurian-Devonian boundary in East Yunnan (South China) and the minimum constraint for the lungfish-tetrapod split |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353479392 |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1784–1797 |doi=10.1007/s11430-020-9794-8 |bibcode=2021ScChD..64.1784Z |s2cid=236438229}}</ref>}}
| image =
| image_caption = <!--Example of Osteichthyes: [[Neoceratodus forsteri|Queensland lungfish]] and [[West Indian Ocean coelacanth]] (two [[Sarcopterygii]]), [[iridescent shark]] and [[Acipenser oxyrinchus|American black sturgeon]] (two [[Actinopterygii]])-->
| display_parents = 4
|
| authority = [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], 1880
| subdivision_ranks = Kelas
| subdivision = * {{extinct}}''[[Ligulalepis]]''
* {{extinct}}''[[Dialipina]]''
* {{extinct}}''[[Andreolepis]]''
* {{extinct}}''[[Lophosteus]]''
* ?{{extinct}}"Psarolepids"
** ''[[Guiyu oneiros|Guiyu]]''
** ''[[Sparalepis]]''
** ''[[Psarolepis]]''
** ''[[Achoania]]''
* [[Actinopterygii]]
* [[Sarcopterygii]]
}}
'''Osteichthyes''' atau disebut juga '''Ikan bertulang sejati''' adalah [[Kelas (biologi)|kelas]] dari anggota [[Vertebrata|hewan bertulang belakang]] yang merupakan [[Filum|subfilum]] dari ''[[Ikan|Pisces]]''.
== Struktur Tubuh ==
Semua jenis ikan yang termasuk dalam kelas Osteichthyes memiliki sebagian tulang keras, mulut dan lubang hidungnya ventral, celah-celah pharyngeal tertutup (tidak terlihat dari luar) dan jantungnya hanya memiliki satu ventrikel.
{{clade|{{clade
|label1=[[Sarcopterygii]] |sublabel1=(lobe-fins)
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Actinistia]]
|1= [[Coelacanthiformes]] [[File:Coelacanth flipped.png|70 px]]
|label2=[[Rhipidistia]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Dipnoi]]
|1=[[Ceratodontiformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Chinle fish Arganodus cropped cropped.png|70 px]]</span>
|label2=[[Tetrapodomorpha]]
|2=[[Tetrapoda]][[File:Salamandra salamandra (white background).jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Actinopterygii]] |sublabel2=(ray-fins)
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Cladistia]]
|1= [[Polypteriformes]][[File:Cuvier-105-Polyptère.jpg|70 px]]
|label2=[[Actinopteri]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Chondrostei]]
|1= [[Acipenseriformes]][[File:Atlantic sturgeon flipped.jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Neopterygii]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Holostei]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Ginglymodi]]
|1= [[Lepisosteiformes]][[File:Alligator gar fish (white background).jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Halecomorphi]]
|2= [[Amiiformes]][[File:Amia calva (white background).jpg|70px]]
}}
|label2=[[Teleostei]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Elopomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|1= [[Elopiformes]][[File:M.E. Blochii ... Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (Plate 82) (white background).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Albuliformes]][[File:Pterothrissus gissu1.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Notacanthiformes]][[File:Notacanthus sexspinis1.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Anguilliformes]][[File:Anguilla anguilla1.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Osteoglossocephalai]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Osteoglossomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Osteoglossiformes]] [[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl26 Osteoglossum minus flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2=[[Hiodontiformes]] [[File:Hiodon tergisus NOAA.jpg|70px]]
}}
|label2=[[Clupeocephala]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Otomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Otocephala]]
|1= [[Clupeiformes]][[File:Clupea harengus Gervais.jpg|70px]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Alepocephali]]
|1= [[Alepocephaliformes]][[File:Xenodermichthys copei1 flipped.jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Ostariophysi]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Anotophysa]]
|1= [[Gonorynchiformes]][[File:Chanos chanos Day.png|70px]]
|label2=[[Otophysa]]
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1= [[Cypriniformes]][[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Characiformes]][[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl37 (Serrasalmus humeralis).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Gymnotiformes]] [[File:Johann Natterer - Ituí-cavalo (Apteronotus albifrons).jpg|70px]]
|2=[[Siluriformes]][[File:Black bullhead flipped.jpeg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Euteleostei|Euteleosteomorpha]]
|2={{clade
|label1x=[[Lepidogalaxii]] <!--unnecessary; stretches cladogram horizontally-->
|1= [[Lepidogalaxiiformes]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Protacanthopterygii]]
|1={{clade
|1= [[Argentiniformes]][[File:Argentina sphyraena.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Galaxiiformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Galaxias maculatus.jpg|70px]]</span>
|2={{clade
|1= [[Salmoniformes]] [https://thegioiesports.com esports] [[File:Salmo salar flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Esociformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Esox lucius1.jpg|70px]]</span>
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Stomiatii]]
|1={{clade
|1= [[Osmeriformes]][[File:Osmerus mordax flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Stomiatiformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Idiacanthus_atlanticus.jpg|70px]]</span>
}}
|2=[[Neoteleostei]][[File:Zeus faber.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%|label1='''Osteichthyes'''/|sublabel1=[[Euteleostomi]]}}
== Biologi ==
Semua ikan bertulang memiliki [[insang]]. Bagi sebagian besar ikan, ini adalah satu-satunya atau cara utama mereka bernapas. [[Ikan paru-paru]] dan spesies osteichthyan lainnya mampu bernapas melalui paru-paru atau gelembung renang yang bervaskularisasi. Spesies lain dapat bernapas melalui kulit, usus, dan/atau perut mereka.{{sfn|Helfman|Facey|1997}}
Osteichthyes pada dasarnya adalah [[ektotermik]] (berdarah dingin), artinya suhu tubuh mereka bergantung pada suhu air. Namun, beberapa osteichthyid laut yang lebih besar, seperti [[opah]],<ref name="Sciencemag">Wegner, Nicholas C., Snodgrass, Owen E., Dewar, Heidi, John, Hyde R. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''. [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaa8902 "Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus"]. pp. 786–789. Retrieved May 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="SWFSC">[https://swfsc.noaa.gov/news.aspx?ParentMenuId=39&id=20466 "Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator"]. Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."</ref> [[ikan todak]]<ref name="warmeye1">Fritsches, K.A., Brill, R.W., and Warrant, E.J. 2005. ''[http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/fulltext?uid=PIIS0960982204009960 Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709131003/http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/fulltext?uid=PIIS0960982204009960|date=2006-07-09}}'' Current Biology 15: 55−58</ref><ref name="warmeye2">Hopkin, M. (2005). ''[http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050110/full/050110-2.html Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision.]'' Nature, 10 January 2005</ref> dan [[tuna]]<ref name="muscletemp">{{cite journal|last1=Sepulveda|first1=C.A.|last2=Dickson|first2=K.A.|last3=Bernal|first3=D.|last4=Graham|first4=J.B.|date=1 July 2008|title=Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, ''Allothunnus fallai''|url=http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=73|issue=1|pages=241–249|bibcode=2008JFBio..73..241S|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207000108/http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf|archive-date=February 7, 2013|access-date=2 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> telah berevolusi secara independen pada berbagai tingkat [[endotermia]]. Ikan bertulang bisa menjadi jenis [[heterotrof]] apa pun: banyak spesies dari [[omnivora]], [[karnivora]], [[herbivora]], [[penyaring]] atau [[detritivora]] yang telah terdokumentasi.
Beberapa ikan bertulang adalah [[hermafrodit]], dan sejumlah spesies menunjukkan [[partenogenesis]]. Fertilisasi biasanya eksternal, tetapi bisa juga internal. Perkembangan biasanya [[ovipar]] (bertelur) tetapi bisa juga [[ovovivipar]] atau [[vivipar]]. Meskipun biasanya tidak ada perawatan orang tua setelah kelahiran, sebelum kelahiran orang tua mungkin menyebar, menyembunyikan, menjaga, atau mengerami telur, dengan [[kuda laut]] yang terkenal karena jantan mereka mengalami bentuk "kehamilan", mengerami telur yang disimpan di kantong perut oleh betina.
== Contoh ==
Baris 40 ⟶ 169:
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