Arthur Schopenhauer: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Arthur Schopenhauer''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|oʊ|p|ən|h|aʊər}} {{Respell|SHOH|pən|how|ər}},<ref>{{Citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈaʁtʊʁ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ|lang|De-Arthur Schopenhauer2.ogg}}; 22 Februari 1788&nbsp;– 21 September 1860) adalah seorang [[Filsafat|filsuf]] [[Orang Jerman|Jerman]]. Ia terkenal karena karyanya yang berjudul ''[[Dunia sebagai Kehendak dan Representasi|The World as Will and Representation]]'' (dipublikasikan pada tahun 1818 dan dikembangkan lebih lanjut pada tahun 1844), yang menyatakan bahwa dunia [[fenomena]] ini adalah manifestasi dari kehendak [[noumena]] yang buta dan irasional.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arthur Schopenhauer|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23|title=Essays and Aphorisms|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044227-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23 23]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Magee|first=Bryan|date=1997-08-14|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32819/chapter/275011622|title=The World as Will|publisher=Oxford University PressOxford|isbn=978-0-19-823722-8|edition=1|pages=137–163|language=en|doi=10.1093/0198237227.003.0007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandenabeele|first=Bart|date=2007-12|title=Schopenhauer on the Values of Aesthetic Experience|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x|journal=The Southern Journal of Philosophy|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=565–582|doi=10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x}}</ref> Melanjutkan [[idealisme transendental]] [[Immanuel Kant]] (1724–1804), Schopenhauer mengembangkan sistem metafisika dan etika [[Ateisme|ateistik]] yang menolak gagasan [[idealisme Jerman]] pada masa itu.<ref name="Jacquette">{{Cite book|year=2007|title=Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04406-6|editor-last=Dale Jacquette|page=162|quote=For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's.}}</ref> Ia merupakan salah satu pemikir [[filsafat Barat]] pertama yang mempelajari dan membenarkan prinsip-prinsip penting dari [[Filsafat Timur|filsafat timur]], seperti [[asketisme]], penyangkalan [[Diri (filsafat)|diri]], dan gagasan tentang [[Maya (agama)|dunia sebagai bayangan dari realitas]].<ref>See the book-length study about oriental influences on the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy by Urs App: ''Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins''. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 ({{ISBN|978-3-906000-03-9}})</ref> Karyanya dideskripsikan sebagai manifestasi dari [[filsafat pesimisme]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arthur Schopenhauer|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/22|title=Essays and Aphorisms|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044227-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/22 22–36]|quote=…but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is ''justified'', that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer's metaphysic of will and idea exists.}}</ref> Meskipun di masa hidupnya, karyanya gagal menarik perhatian umum, paska kematiannya, Schopenhauer mempunyai pengaruh yang luas di berbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuk [[filsafat]], [[sastra]], dan [[Ilmu|sains]]. Tulisannya mengenai [[Estetika Schopenhauer|estetika]], [[Moral|moralitas]], dan [[psikologi]] telah mempengaruhi banyak pemikir, artis dan seniman.