Osteichthyes: Perbedaan antara revisi

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}}|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%|label1='''Osteichthyes'''/|sublabel1=[[Euteleostomi]]}}
 
== FilogeniBiologi ==
Semua ikan bertulang memiliki [[insang]]. Bagi sebagian besar ikan, ini adalah satu-satunya atau cara utama mereka bernapas. [[Ikan paru-paru]] dan spesies osteichthyan lainnya mampu bernapas melalui paru-paru atau gelembung renang yang bervaskularisasi. Spesies lain dapat bernapas melalui kulit, usus, dan/atau perut mereka.{{sfn|Helfman|Facey|1997}}
Filogeni Osteichthyes yang masih hidup, termasuk tetrapoda, ditunjukkan dalam [[kladogram]] di bawah ini.<ref name=Betancur>{{cite journal|author=Betancur-R, Ricardo |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes |journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life |volume=5 |issue=Edition 1 |doi=10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 |pmid=23653398 |pmc=3644299 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Betancur-R|display-authors=etal|year=2013|title=Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)|url=http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf|journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life|issue=Edition 1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021004157/http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Betancur-R|display-authors=etal|year=2013|title=Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes|url=http://currents.plos.org/treeoflife/files/2013/04/Appendix_2_Classification1.pdf|journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life|issue=Edition 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ricardo Betancur-R|author2=Edward O. Wiley|author3=Gloria Arratia|author4=Arturo Acero|author5=Nicolas Bailly|author6=Masaki Miya|author7=Guillaume Lecointre|author8=Guillermo Ortí|year=2017|title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=17|issue=1|page=162|bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B|doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3|pmc=5501477|pmid=28683774|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Duplikasi genom utuh]] terjadi pada leluhur Osteichthyes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dehal|first1=Paramvir|last2=Boore|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=2005-09-06|title=Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=3|issue=10|pages=e314|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314|issn=1545-7885|pmc=1197285|pmid=16128622|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
Osteichthyes pada dasarnya adalah [[ektotermik]] (berdarah dingin), artinya suhu tubuh mereka bergantung pada suhu air. Namun, beberapa osteichthyid laut yang lebih besar, seperti [[opah]],<ref name="Sciencemag">Wegner, Nicholas C., Snodgrass, Owen E., Dewar, Heidi, John, Hyde R. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''. [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaa8902 "Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus"]. pp. 786–789. Retrieved May 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="SWFSC">[https://swfsc.noaa.gov/news.aspx?ParentMenuId=39&id=20466 "Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator"]. Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."</ref> [[ikan todak]]<ref name="warmeye1">Fritsches, K.A., Brill, R.W., and Warrant, E.J. 2005. ''[http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/fulltext?uid=PIIS0960982204009960 Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709131003/http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/fulltext?uid=PIIS0960982204009960|date=2006-07-09}}'' Current Biology 15: 55−58</ref><ref name="warmeye2">Hopkin, M. (2005). ''[http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050110/full/050110-2.html Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision.]'' Nature, 10 January 2005</ref> dan [[tuna]]<ref name="muscletemp">{{cite journal|last1=Sepulveda|first1=C.A.|last2=Dickson|first2=K.A.|last3=Bernal|first3=D.|last4=Graham|first4=J.B.|date=1 July 2008|title=Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, ''Allothunnus fallai''|url=http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=73|issue=1|pages=241–249|bibcode=2008JFBio..73..241S|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207000108/http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf|archive-date=February 7, 2013|access-date=2 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> telah berevolusi secara independen pada berbagai tingkat [[endotermia]]. Ikan bertulang bisa menjadi jenis [[heterotrof]] apa pun: banyak spesies dari [[omnivora]], [[karnivora]], [[herbivora]], [[penyaring]] atau [[detritivora]] yang telah terdokumentasi.
 
Beberapa ikan bertulang adalah [[hermafrodit]], dan sejumlah spesies menunjukkan [[partenogenesis]]. Fertilisasi biasanya eksternal, tetapi bisa juga internal. Perkembangan biasanya [[ovipar]] (bertelur) tetapi bisa juga [[ovovivipar]] atau [[vivipar]]. Meskipun biasanya tidak ada perawatan orang tua setelah kelahiran, sebelum kelahiran orang tua mungkin menyebar, menyembunyikan, menjaga, atau mengerami telur, dengan [[kuda laut]] yang terkenal karena jantan mereka mengalami bentuk "kehamilan", mengerami telur yang disimpan di kantong perut oleh betina.
 
== Contoh ==