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*{{small|({{sup|H}}sebuah [[kota suci]])}}
*{{small|({{sup|U}}sebuah [[kota hilang]])}}
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ApartSelain fromkota Mari, whichyang lies fullberjarak 330 kilometreskilometer (205 milesmil) north-westdari barat laut ofkota Agade, buttetapi whichdisebutkan isdi credited in thedalam [[regnaldaftar list|king listraja]] assebagai havingkota exercisedyang kingshippernah inmengemban thekedaulatan Earlyraja Dynasticpada IIbabak periodKulawangsa Perdana II, anddan kota Nagar, ansalah outpostsatu kota terpencil, thesesemua kota yang disebutkan di citiesatas areterletak alldi indataran thealuvial EuphratesEfrat-Tigris alluvialdi plain,selatan south ofkota [[BaghdadBagdad]], yakni di daerah-daerah yang dewasa inini whatmenjadi arebagian nowdari thewilayah [[BabylonKegubernuran GovernorateBabil|Provinsi Bābil]], [[DiyalaKegubernuran GovernorateDiyala|Provinsi Diyala]], [[WasitKegubernuran GovernorateWasit|Provinsi Wāsit]], [[Kegubernuran Dhi Qar Governorate|DhiProvinsi QarZikar]], [[Kegubernuran Basra|Provinsi Governorate|Basra]], [[MuthannaKegubernuran Governorate|Al-Muthannā Muthanna|Provinsi Almusanā]], anddan [[Al-QādisiyyahKegubernuran Governorate|Al-Qādisiyyah|Provinsi Alqādisiyah]] governorates ofdi [[IraqIrak]].
== Sejarah ==
{{Main|Sejarah Sumer}}
[[File:Portrait of a Sumerian prisoner on a victory stele of Sargon of Akkad.jpg|thumb|PortraitPotret ofseorang atawanan SumerianSumer prisonerpada on a victory stele ofjayastamba [[Sargon ofdari AkkadAkkadia|Sargon, Raja Akad]], {{circa|sekitar tahun 2300 BC}}SM.<ref name="ArchaeologyofElam">{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=D. T. |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56496-0 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA104 }}</ref> ThePotongan hairstyle of the prisonersrambutnya (curlyikal hairdi onatas topdan andpendek shortdi hairsamping) onmerupakan theciri sides)khas isorang characteristic of SumeriansSumer, assama alsoseperti seenyang ontampak thepada [[Standard ofDuaja Ur]].<ref name="TwoSteles">{{cite journal |last1=Nigro |first1=Lorenzo |title=The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief |journal=Iraq |volume=60 |date=1998 |pages=85–102 |publisher=British Institute for the Study of Iraq |doi=10.2307/4200454 |jstor=4200454 |hdl=11573/109737 |s2cid=193050892 }}</ref> koleksi [[Louvre Museum Louvre]].]]
Negara-negara kota Sumer berkuasa pada babak Ubaid dan babak Uruk yang tergolong zaman prasejarah. Sejarah tertulis orang Sumer merentang mundur sampai ke abad ke-27 SM dan sebelumnya, tetapi catatan sejarah masih tidak dapat dipahami sampai dengan babak Kulawangsa Perdana III, sekitar abad ke-23 SM, manakala catatan sejarah sudah menggunakan bahasa yang lebih mudah untuk diartikan, sehingga memungkinkan para arkeolog untuk membaca catatan-catatan dan prasasti-prasasti sezaman.<!--
The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, {{circa|23rd century BC}}, when the language of the written records becomes easier to decipher, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions.
The [[Akkadian Empire]] was the first state that successfully united larger parts of Mesopotamia in the 23rd century BC. After the [[Gutian period]], the [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III kingdom]] similarly united parts of northern and southern Mesopotamia. It ended in the face of [[Amorites|Amorite]] incursions at the beginning of the second millennium BC. The Amorite "dynasty of [[Isin]]" persisted until {{circa|1700 BC}}, when Mesopotamia was united under [[Babylonia]]n rule.
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