Herakleitos: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k menambahkan pranala luar pada 'Xenophanes'
Baris 6:
|image_caption = Herakleitos oleh [[Johannes Moreelse]].
|name = Herakleitos
|birth_date = c. 540550 SM
|birth_place = [[Efesus]]
|death_date = c. 480 SM
|main_interests = [[Metafisika]], [[Epistemologi]], [[Etika]], [[Politik]], [[Kosmologi]]
|influenced = [[Parmenides]], [[Plato]], [[Aristoteles]], [[Hegel]], [[Nietzsche]], [[Heidegger]], [[Alfred North Whitehead|Whitehead]], [[Karl Popper]], dan banyak lainnya
|notable_ideas = [[Logos]], segala sesuatu mengalir
|school_tradition = Tidak termasuk ke dalam aliran filsafat manapun
}}
'''Herakleitos''' '''dari Efesus''' ([[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]]: Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος, ''Hērákleitos ho Ephésios'') adalah seorang [[filsuf]] [[Filsafat Yunani kuno|Yunani Kuno]] [[Filsafat pra-Sokrates|pra-Sokratik]] yang tidak tergolong mazhab apapun,.<ref name="Bertens"/> meski dapat digolongkan lewat asal munculnya sebagai pemikir mazhab Ionia atau filsuf yang muncul di wilayah Asia Minor (termasuk [[Thales]], [[Anaximandros]], [[Anaximenes]], dan [[Xenophanes]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts|last=Kirk|first=G.S.|last2=Raven|first2=J.E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1957|isbn=|location=Cambridge|pages=182-215}}</ref> Di dalam tulisan-tulisannya,ia justru mengkritik dan mencela para filsuf dan tokoh-tokoh terkenal, seperti [[HomerosHomerus]], [[Arkhilokhos]], [[Hesiodos]], [[Phythagoras]], [[Xenophanes]], dan [[Hekataios]].<ref name="Bertens"/><ref name="Ancient"/><ref name="Praja"/> Meskipun ia berbalik dari ajaran filsafat yang umum pada zamannya, namun bukan berarti ia sama sekali tidak dipengaruhi oleh filsuf-filsuf itu.<ref name="Bertens"/><ref name="Praja">{{CiteJuhaya book|title=S. Praja. 2005. ''Aliran-Aliran Filsafat dan Etika|last=Praja|first=Juhaya|publisher=Kencana|year=2005|isbn=|location=''. Jakarta|pages=}}: Kencana.</ref>
 
Herakleitos diketahui menulis satu buku, namun telah hilang.<ref name="Bertens">{{CiteK. book|title=Bertens. 1990. ''Sejarah Filsafat Yunani|last=Bertens|first=Kees|publisher=Kanisius|year=1990|isbn=|location=''. Yogyakarta|pages=}}: Kanisius.</ref> Yang tersimpan hingga kini hanya 130 fragmen yang terdiri dari pepatah-pepatah pendek yang seringkali tidak jelas artinya.<ref name="Bertens"/><ref name="Cambridge">{{Citeen}}Kurt book|title=A. Raaflaub. 2007. "Poets, lawgivers, and the beginnings of political reflection." In ''The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought|last=Raaflaub|first=Kurt|publisher=Cambridge'', Universityeds. Press|year=2007|isbn=|editor-last=Rowe|editor-first=Christopher|location=Cambridge|pages=23-59|chapter=Poets, lawgivers,Rowe and theMalcolm beginningsSchofield, of23-59. politicalCambridge: reflection|editor-last2=Schofield|editor-first2=Malcolm}}Cambridge University Press.</ref> Pemikiran filsafatnya memang tidak mudah dimengerti sehingga ia dijuluki "si gelap" (dalam bahasa [[Inggris]] ''the obscure'').<ref name="Bertens"/><ref name="Ancient">{{Citeen}}Richard book|title=McKirahan. 2003. "Presocratic Philosophy". In ''The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy|last=McKirahan|first=Richard|publisher=Blackwell''. Publishing|year=2003|isbn=978-0-631-22215-6|editor-last=Shields|editor-first=Christopher|location=MA/Oxford/Victoria|pages=|chapter=Presocratic Philosophy}}Shields (Ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.</ref><ref name="Hussey">{{Citeen}}Edward book|title=Hussey. 1999. "Heraclitus." In ''The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy|last=Hussey|first=Edward|publisher=Cambridge'', Universityed. Press|year=1999|isbn=|editor-last=Long|editor-first=A.A.|location=London|pages= Long. 88-112|chapter=Heraclitus}}. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
 
== Riwayat Hidup ==
[[Berkas:Efez agora odeon prytaneion RB.jpg|right|thumb|Efesus di Asia Kecil, tempat kelahiran Herakleitos]]
Herakleitos diketahui berasal dari [[Efesus]] di [[Asia Kecil]].<ref name="Bertens"/> Ia hidup di sekitar abad ke-5 SM (sekitar 540-480 SM).<ref name="Ancient"/><ref name="Praja"/><ref name="Simon">{{Cite book|title=Petualangan Intelektual|last=Tjahjadi|first=Simon|publisher=Kanisius|year=2004|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> KeteranganPetrus [[DiogenesL. Laertius]]Tjahjadi. juga2004. menyebutkan''Petualangan Herakleitos lahir sekitar 540 sebelum masehi pada keluarga [[Aristokrasi (kelas)|aristokrat]] di Efesus, namun nantinya meninggalkan kehidupan politik dan [[Turun takhta|mengabdikasikan]] hak kekuasaan yang diwariskan padanya ke saudara lelakinyaIntelektual''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Presocratics ReaderYogyakarta: Selected Fragments and Testimonia|last=Curd|first=Patricia|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|year=2011|isbn=978-1-60384-598-4|edition=2nd|location=Indianapolis/Cambridge|pages=39-54}}Kanisius.</ref> HerakleitosIa hidup sezaman dengan Pythagoras dan Xenophanes, namun ia berusia lebih muda daripadausianya dari keduanyamereka.<ref name="Bertens"/> Akan tetapi, Herakleitos lebih tua usianya dari [[Parmenides]] sebab ia dikritik oleh filsuf tersebut.<ref name="Bertens"/>
 
Selain bahwa ia berasal dari keluarga terhormat di Efesus, tidak ada informasi lain yang kredibel mengenai riwayat hiduphidupnya, Herakleitossebab mengingat hampir semua sumber mengenai kehidupannyakebanyakan adalah anekdot yang tidak otentik, diimajinasikan atau dibuat si pengarang anekdot berdasarkan pemikirancerita Herakleitosfiksi.<ref name="Praja"/><ref name="Ted">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy|last=|first=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=|editor-last=Honderich|editor-first=Ted|edition=New|location=Oxford/New York|pages=378}}{{en}}Ted Honderich (ed.). 1995. ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Philosophy Before Socrates|last=McKirahan|first=Richard|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60384-602-8|location=Indianapolis/Cambridge|pages=112-144}}</ref> Tidak ada sumber yang menyebutkan bahwa ia pernah meninggalkan kota asalnya, yang pada waktu itu merupakan bagian dari kekaisaran [[Persia]].<ref name="Ted"/>
 
Jika melihat karya-karya yang ditinggalkannya, tampak bahwa watak Herakleitos sombong dan tinggi hati.<ref name="Bertens"/><ref name="Ancient"/><ref name="Praja"/><ref name="Ted"/> Selain mencela filsuf-filsuf di atas, ia juga memandang rendah rakyat yang bodoh dan menegaskan bahwa kebanyakan manusia jahat.<ref name="Bertens"/> Selain itu, ia juga mengutuk warga negara Efesus.<ref name="Bertens"/>
Baris 53:
{{wikisource|Fragments_of_Heraclitus}}
{{Commonscat}}
* {{cite web | url=https://historyofphilosophy.net/heraclitus |title=Old Man River: Heraclitus |last=Adamson|first=Peter|date=2010-12-28| work=History of Philosophy without any gaps | publisher=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München/King's College London | accessdate=2017-09-25}}
* {{cite web | author=Elpenor |title=Heraclitus: The Word is Common | work=The Greek Word: Three Millenia of Greek Literature | publisher=Elpenor | url=http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/herakleitus-word.asp | accessdate=2007-10-10}} Heraclitus bilingual anthology from [[Hermann Alexander Diels|DK]] in Greek and English, side by side, the translations being provided by the organization, Elpenor.
* {{cite web | url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/heraclit/ | title=Heraclitus | last=Graham | first=Daniel|date= W.| yeartitle=Heraclitus | work=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=The Interneteditors Encyclopedia| ofyear=2006 Philosophy| url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/heraclit/ | accessdate=20172007-0910-2509}}
* {{cite web|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heraclitus/|title=Heraclitus|last=Graham|first=Daniel|date=|year=2015-06-23|work=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|accessdate=2017-09-25}}
* {{cite web | last=Harris | first=William, translator | title=Heraclitus: The Complete Fragments: Translation and Commentary and The Greek Text | work=Humanities and the Liberal Arts: Greek Language and Literature: Text and Commentary | publisher=Middlebury College | year=1994 | format=pdf | url=http://community.middlebury.edu/~harris/Philosophy/heraclitus.pdf | accessdate=2007-10-09}} Greek and English with [[Hermann Alexander Diels|DK]] numbers and commentary.
* {{cite web | title=Heraclitus the Obscure: The Father of the Doctrine of Flux and the Unity of Opposites | publisher=Archimedes' Laboratory | url=http://www.archimedes-lab.org/heraclitus_aphorism.html | accessdate=2007-11-09}} Text and selected aphorisms in Greek, English, Italian and French.
Baris 63 ⟶ 61:
* {{cite web | last=Knierim | first=Thomas | title=Heraclitus:[Ephesus, around 500 BC] | year=2007 | publisher=thebigview.com | url=http://www.thebigview.com/greeks/heraclitus.html}} Essay on the flux and fire philosophy of Heraclitus.
* {{cite web | first=M. Daniel | last=Lancereau | coauthors=M. Samuel Béreau | title=Heraclitus | work=Philoctetes: ?????????? | year=2007 | url=http://philoctetes.free.fr/heraclitus.htm | format=html/pdf | accessdate=2007-10-10}} Site with links to pdf's containing the fragments of [[Hermann Alexander Diels|DK]] in Greek (Unicode) with the English translations of John Burnet (see Bibliography) and translations into [[French language|French]], either in parallel columns or interlinear, with links on the lexical items to [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ Perseus] dictionaries. Includes also Heraclitus article from [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]].
* {{cite web |title=MM McCabe on Heraclitus | work=History of Philosophy without any gaps | publisher=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München/King's College London | url=https://historyofphilosophy.net/mccabe-on-heraclitus | accessdate=2017-09-25|date=2010-12-30|last=McCabe|first=Mary}}
* {{Cite web | last=Stamatellos | first=Giannis | title=Heraclitus of Ephesus: Life and Work | url=http://www.philosophy.gr/presocratics/heraclitus.htm | accessdate=2007-10-12}}
* {{cite web | last=Trix | title=Heraclitus' Epistemological Views | work=sym•pos•i•a: ????????: the online philosophy journal | url=http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/Heraclitus--Epistemological-Views/29 | accessdate=2007-10-10}}