James Charles Stuart: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Favorit ==
{{Main|Hubungan pribadi James VI dan I}}
[[File:GeorgeVilliers.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[George Villiers|George Villiers, Adipati pertama Buckingham]] (1592–1628), oleh [[Peter Paul Rubens]], 1625<!-- Bendor Grosvenor suggests that this is after Rubens and that the genuine portrait study for the lost large equestrian painting is the one from Pollock House held by the National Trust for Scotland -->]]
Seksualitas James dieprdebatkan. Sepanjang hidupnya, James memiliki hubungan dekat dengan pria, yang telah menyebabkan perdebatan di antara sejarahwan tentang sifat alami mereka.<ref name=bucholz>{{harvnb|Bucholz|Key|2004|p=208}}: "... his sexuality has long been a matter of debate. He clearly preferred the company of handsome young men. The evidence of his correspondence and contemporary accounts have led some historians to conclude that the king was homosexual or [[bisexual]]. In fact, the issue is murky."</ref> Setelah aksesinya di Inggris, sikapnya yang damai dan ilmiah bertolak belakang dengan perilaku Bellicose dan genit Elizabeth,<ref name=bucholz/> seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh epigram kontemporer Rex fuit Elizabeth, nunc est regina Iacobus (Elizabeth adalah Raja, sekarang James adalah Ratu).<ref>[[H. Montgomery Hyde|Hyde, H. Montgomery]] (1970), ''The Love That Dared Not Speak its Name'', London: Heinemann, pp. 43–44.</ref>
Beberapa penulis biografi James menyimpulkan bahwa [[Esmé Stewart]] (kemudian Adipati Lennox), [[Robert Carr]] (kemudian Earl Somerset), dan [[George Villiers]] (kemudian Adipati Buckingham) adalah kekasih-kekasihnya.<ref>e.g. Young, Michael B. (2000), ''King James and the History of Homosexuality'', New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9693-1}}; Bergeron, David M. (1991), ''Royal Family, Royal Lovers: King James of England and Scotland'', University of Missouri Press.</ref><ref>{{citation|title = Reader's Guide To Gay & Lesbian Studies|last = Murphy|first = Timothy|publisher = Routledge Dearborn Publishers|year = 2011|pages = 312 |postscript=.}}</ref> Sir [[John Oglander]] mengamati bahwa dia "belum pernah melihat suami yang baik membuat begitu banyak kebencian terhadap pasangannya yang cantik karena saya telah melihat Raja James di atas favoritnya, terutama Adipati Buckingham"<ref>Bergeron, David M. (1999), ''King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire'', Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, p. 348.</ref> yang Raja akan, ingat Sir [[Edward Peyton]], "jatuh cinta dan berciuman sebagai seorang simpanan."<ref>Ruigh, Robert E. (1971), ''The Parliament of 1624: Politics and Foreign Policy'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p. 77.</ref> Restorasi [[Istana Apethorpe]] yang dilakukan pada tahun 2004–08 mengungkapkan sebuah bagian yang tidak diketahui sebelumnya yang menghubungkan tempat tidur James dan Villiers.<ref>Graham, Fiona (5 June 2008), "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7436409.stm To the manor bought]", BBC News, retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref>
Beberapa penulis biografi James berpendapat bahwa hubungan itu tidak bersifat seksual.<ref>e.g. {{citation |last=Lee |first=Maurice |year=1990 |title=Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms |location=Urbana |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-01686-6 |postscript=.}}</ref> ''[[Basilikon Doron]]'' James membuat daftar [[sodomi]] di antara kejahatan "yang terikat dalam hati nurani untuk tidak dimaafkan", dan istri James, Anna melahirkan tujuh anak yang masih hidup, serta menderita dua bayi lahir mati dan setidaknya tiga keguguran lainnya.<ref>{{harvnb|Lockyer|1981|pp=19, 21}}; [[Alison Weir|Weir, Alison]] (1996), ''Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy'', Random House, {{ISBN|0-7126-7448-9}}, pp. 249–251.</ref> Penyair Huguenot kontemporer [[Théophile de Viau]] mengamati bahwa "sudah diketahui bahwa raja Inggris / bersekutu dengan Adipati Buckingham".<ref>{{citation |url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/jamesi.htm |title=Queen James and His Courtiers |last=Norton |first=Rictor |author-link=Rictor Norton |work=Gay History and Literature |date=8 January 2000 |accessdate=9 December 2015 |postscript=.}}</ref>{{efn|In the original: ''Et ce savant roy d'Angleterre / foutoit-il pas le Boukinquan''.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzpkFJIo5GYC |title=The Cabaret poetry of Théophile de Viau: Texts and Traditions |first=Claire Lynn |last=Gaudiani |pages=103–104 |year=1981 |place=Tübingen |publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag |isbn=978-3-87808-892-9 |accessdate=9 December 2015 |postscript=.}}</ref>}} Buckingham sendiri memberikan bukti bahwa ia tidur di ranjang yang sama dengan Raja, menulis James bertahun-tahun kemudian bahwa dia telah merenungkan "apakah kamu mencintaiku sekarang ... lebih baik daripada pada waktu yang aku tidak akan pernah lupakan di Farnham, di mana kepala tempat tidur tidak dapat ditemukan antara tuan dan anjingnya".{{sfn|Lockyer|1981|p=22}} Kata-kata Buckingham dapat ditafsirkan sebagai non-seksual, dalam konteks kehidupan istana abad ketujuhbelas,<ref>[[Alan Bray|Bray, Alan]] (2003), ''The Friend'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0-226-07180-4}}, pp. 167–170; Bray, Alan (1994), "Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England", pp. 42–44, In: [[Jonathan Goldberg|Goldberg, Jonathan]] (editor), ''Queering the Renaissance'', Duke University Press, {{ISBN|0-8223-1385-5}}.</ref> dan tetap ambigu.<ref>[[Peter Ackroyd|Ackroyd, Peter]] (2014), ''The History of England, Volume III: Civil War'', Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0-230-70641-5}}, p. 45; Miller, John (2004), ''The Stuarts'', Hambledon, {{ISBN|1-85285-432-4}}, p. 38.</ref>
Ketika Earl Salisbury meninggal pada tahun 1612, ia sedikit berkabung oleh orang-orang yang berdesak-desakan untuk mengisi kekosongan kekuasaan.{{efn|Northampton assumed the day-to-day running of government business, and spoke of "the death of the little man for which so many rejoice and few do as much as seem to be sorry."{{sfn|Willson|1963|p=269}} }} Sampai kematian Salisbury, sistem administrasi Elizabeth yang dipimpinnya terus berfungsi dengan efisiensi relatif; mulai saat ini, pemerintah James memasuki periode kemunduran dan keburukan.<ref>{{harvnb|Willson|1963|p=333}}: "Finances fell into chaos, foreign affairs became more difficult. James exalted a worthless favourite and increased the power of the Howards. As government relaxed and honour cheapened, we enter a period of decline and weakness, of intrigue, scandal, confusion and treachery."</ref> Kematian Salisbury memberi James gagasan memerintah secara pribadi sebagai Kepala Menterinya, dengan pemuda favorit Skotlandianya, Robert Carr, melaksanakan banyak tugas di Salisbury, tetapi ketidakmampuan James untuk menghadiri secara dekat bisnis resmi memaparkan pemerintah kepada faksionalisme.{{sfn|Willson|1963|pp=334–335}}
Partai Howard, yang terdiri dari Northampton, Suffolk, menantu Suffolk [[William Knollys|Lord Knollys]], dan [[Charles Howard|Charles Howard, Earl Nottingham]], bersama dengan [[Thomas Lake|Sir Thomas Lake]], segera menguasai sebagian besar pemerintah dan pelindungnya. Bahkan Carr yang kuat jatuh ke kamp Howard, hampir tidak berpengalaman atas tanggung jawab yang dibebankan kepadanya dan sering bergantung pada sahabat akrabnya Sir [[Thomas Overbury]] untuk bantuan dengan surat-surat pemerintah.{{sfn|Willson|1963|p=349}}<ref>Sir [[Francis Bacon]], speaking at Carr's trial, quoted by {{harvnb|Perry|2006|p=105}}: "Packets were sent, sometimes opened by my lord, sometimes unbroken unto Overbury, who perused them, registered them, made table-talk of them, as they thought good. So I will undertake the time was, when Overbury knew more of the secrets of state, than the council-table did."</ref> Carr memiliki hubungan asmara dengan [[Frances Carr|Frances Howard, Comtesse Essex]], putri Earl Suffolk, yang dibantu James dalam menjamin pembatalan pernikahannya untuk membebaskannya menikah dengan Carr.{{efn|The commissioners judging the case reached a 5–5 verdict, so James quickly appointed two extra judges guaranteed to vote in favour, an intervention which aroused public censure. When the son of one of the added commissioners ([[Thomas Bilson]]) was knighted after the annulment, he was given the nickname "Sir Nullity Bilson".{{sfn|Lindley|1993|p=120}} }}
Di musim panas 1615, bagaimanapun, muncul bahwa Overbury telah diracuni. Dia telah meninggal pada tanggal 15 September 1613 di Menara London, di mana dia telah ditempatkan atas permintaan Raja.<ref>{{harvnb|Barroll|2001|p=136}}: "Rumours of foul play involving Rochester and his wife with Overbury had, however, been circulating since his death. Indeed, almost two years later, in September 1615, and as James was in the process of replacing Rochester with a new favourite, George Villiers, the Governor of the Tower of London sent a letter to the king informing him that one of the warders in the days before Overbury had been found dead had been bringing the prisoner poisoned food and medicine"; {{harvnb|Lindley|1993|p=146}}.</ref>{{efn|It is very likely that Overbury was the victim of a 'set-up' contrived by the earls of Northampton and Suffolk, with Carr's complicity, to keep him out of the way during the annulment proceedings. Overbury knew too much of Carr's dealings with Frances and he opposed the match with a fervour that made him dangerous, motivated by a deep political hostility to the Howards. It cannot have been difficult to secure James's compliance, because he disliked Overbury and his influence over Carr.{{sfn|Lindley|1993|p=145}} [[John Chamberlain (letter writer)|John Chamberlain]] reported that the King "hath long had a desire to remove him from about the lord of Rochester, as thinking it a dishonour to him that the world should have an opinion that Rochester ruled him and Overbury ruled Rochester".{{sfn|Willson|1963|p=342}} }} Di antara mereka yang dihukum karena pembunuhan itu adalah Frances dan Robert Carr, yang terakhir telah diganti sebagai favorit raja sementara itu oleh Villiers. James mengampuni Frances dan mengubah hukuman mati Carr, yang akhirnya memaafkannya pada tahun 1624.{{sfn|Croft|2003|p=91}} Implikasi Raja dalam skandal semacam itu memprovokasi banyak dugaan publik dan sastra dan merusak istana James dengan citra korupsi dan kebobrokan.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1959|p=20}}: "Probably no single event, prior to the attempt to arrest the five members in 1642, did more to lessen the general reverence with which royalty was regarded in England than this unsavoury episode."</ref> Kejatuhan selanjutnya dari Howards meninggalkan Villiers tak tertandingi sebagai tokoh tertinggi dalam pemerintahan pada tahun 1619.<ref>{{harvnb|Croft|2003|pp=98–99}}; {{harvnb|Willson|1963|p=397}}.</ref>
== Kematian ==
[[File:James I of England by Daniel Mytens.jpg|thumb|left|Potret oleh [[Daniël Mijtens]], 1621]]
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