John Stuart Mill: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Mill terpilih sebagai anggota ''American Philosophical Society'' pada tahun 1867. <ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1867&year-max=1867&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|website=search.amphilsoc.org|access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref> Dia juga merupakan [[Wali baptis|ayah baptis]] filsuf [[Bertrand Russell]]. Mengenai agama, Mill adalah seorang agnostik dan [[Skeptisisme|skeptis]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=28 March 1885|title=Editorial Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbxCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203|journal=Secular Review|volume=16|page=203|quote=It has always seemed to us that this is one of the instances in which Mill approached, out of deference to conventional opinion, as near to the borderland of [[Immanuel Kant|Cant]] as he well could without compromising his pride of place as a recognised thinker and sceptic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Linda C. Raeder|year=2002|title=John Stuart Mill and the Religion of Humanity|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0826263278|page=65|chapter=Spirit of the Age|quote=Comte welcomed the prospect of being attacked publicly for his irreligion, he said, as this would permit him to clarify the nonatheistic nature of his and Mill's "atheism".}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Larsen|first=Timothy|year=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EP9eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|title=John Stuart Mill: A Secular Life|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780198753155|page=14|quote=A letter John wrote from Forde Abbey when he was eight years old casually mentions in his general report of his activities that he too had been to Thorncombe parish church, so even when Bentham had home-field advantage, the boy was still receiving a Christian spiritual formation. Indeed, Mill occasionally attended Christian worship services during his teen years and thereafter for the rest of his life. The sea of faith was full and all around}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Larsen|first=Timothy|date=7 December 2018|title=A surprisingly religious John Stuart Mill|url=https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/surprisingly-religious-john-stuart-mill/|quote=TL: Mill decided that strictly in terms of proof the right answer to that question of God's existence is that it is 'a very probable hypothesis.' He also thought it was perfectly rational and legitimate to believe in God as an act of hope or as the result of one’s efforts to discern the meaning of life as a whole.}}</ref> Mill meninggal pada tahun 1873, tiga belas hari sebelum ulang tahunnya yang ke-67, karena [[erisipelas]] di [[Avignon]], Prancis, di mana tubuhnya dimakamkan bersama istrinya.
== Karya dan pemikiran ==
[[File:Stuart_Mill_G_F_Watts.jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Stuart_Mill_G_F_Watts.jpg|kiri|jmpl|249x249px|Portret Mill oleh [[:en:George_Frederic_Watts|George Frederic Watts]] (1873)]]
=== ''A System of Logic'' ===
Mill terlibat dalam perdebatan tentang [[metode ilmiah]] atas [[John Frederick William Herschel|publikasi John Herschel tahun]] 1830 tentang ''A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy'', yang menggabungkan [[Pembuktian melalui induksi|penalaran induktif]] dari yang diketahui ke yang tidak diketahui, menemukan hukum umum dalam fakta spesifik dan memverifikasi hukum ini secara empiris. [[William Whewell]] memperluas hal ini dalam ''History of the Inductive Sciences tahun 1837-nya, from the Earliest to the Present Time'', diikuti pada tahun 1840 oleh ''The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon their History'', menyajikan induksi sebagai pikiran yang melapiskan konsep pada fakta. Hukum adalah [[Bukti diri|kebenaran yang terbukti dengan sendirinya]], yang dapat diketahui tanpa perlu verifikasi empiris.
Mill menentang perspektif ini pada tahun 1843 dalam ''[[Sistem Logika, Ratiosinatif dan Induktif|A System of Logic]]'' (selengkapnya berjudul ''A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigations'' ). Dalam " [[Metode Mill]] " (induksi), seperti dalam Herschel, hukum ditemukan melalui pengamatan dan induksi, dan memerlukan verifikasi empiris. <ref name="Shermer2002">{{Cite book|last=Shermer|first=Michael|date=15 August 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu9Uu3PbdcgC&pg=PP212|title=In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace: A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199923854|page=212|author-link=Michael Shermer}}</ref> Matilal menyatakan bahwa analisis [[Dignāga]] mirip seperti pendapat Mill, yang bersifat induktif. Matilal berpendapat bahwa sangat mungkin bahwa selama Mill tinggal di India dia mungkin telah menemukan tradisi logika, di mana para sarjana mulai tertarik mempelajarinya setelah tahun 1824, meskipun tidak diketahui apakah pengalaman itu mempengaruhi karyanya atau tidak. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Arindam.|first=Matilal, Bimal Krishna. Chakrabarti|date=1994|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/28016267|title=Knowing from words : Western and Indian philosophical analysis of understanding and testimony|publisher=Kluwer Academic|isbn=0-7923-2345-9|oclc=28016267}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matilal|first=BimalKrishna|date=March 1989|title=Ny?ya critique of the Buddhist doctrine of non-soul|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00160139|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=17|issue=1|doi=10.1007/bf00160139|issn=0022-1791}}</ref>
=== Teori kebebasan ===
== Referensi ==
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