John Rawls: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Baris 80:
== Pengaruh ==
Terlepas karakter tulisannya yang sangat akademik dan kepribadiannya yang tertutup, karya-karya Rawls telah memberikan dampak yang sangat besar tidak hanya pada ilmu filsafat moral dan politik kontemporer tetapi juga wacana politik publik. Selama [[Unjuk rasa Tiananmen 1989|protes mahasiswa di Lapangan Tiananmen pada tahun 1989]], salinan buku ''A Theory of Justice'' diacungkan oleh pengunjuk rasa di hadapan pejabat pemerintah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With NEH grant, Notre Dame philosopher Paul Weithman planning conference on enduring impact of John Rawls // College of Arts and Letters // University of Notre Dame|url=https://al.nd.edu/news/latest-news/with-neh-grant-notre-dame-philosopher-paul-weithman-planning-conference-on-enduring-impact-of-john-rawls/}}</ref> <ref>https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2005/05/john-rawls/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2, 2013|title=More Than Just a Theory | Quest Research Magazine|url=https://quest.utk.edu/2013/more-than-just-a-theory/}}</ref> Meskipun mempunyai sekitar 600 halaman, lebih dari 300.000 eksemplar buku itu telah terjual.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Theory of Justice, 1971|url=https://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2013/04/john-rawls-a-theory-of-justice-1971.html}}</ref> ''A Theory of Justice'' mendapatkan berbagai tanggapan kritis dari para sarjana dari berbagai spektrum seperti [[Utilitarianisme|utilitarian]], [[Feminisme|feminis]], [[Konservatisme|konservatif]], [[Libertarianisme|libertarian]], [[Teologi Katolik|katolik]], [[Komunitarianisme|komunitarian]], [[Marxisme|Marxis]] dan [[Anarkisme Hijau|Hijau]], yang diapresiasi oleh Rawls. Meskipun memiliki pengaruh besar pada [[Keadilan distributif|teori keadilan distributif]] baik dalam teori maupun dalam praktik, [[Meritokrasi|sentimen antimeritokratis]] dari pemikiran Rawls secara umum belum diterima secara luas oleh gerakan politik kiri. Rawls juga berpandangan bahwa individu dapat "secara sah mengharapkan" hak atas penghasilan pendapatan atau pengembangan kemampuan berdasarkan pengaturan negara. Aspek karya Rawls ini telah berperan dalam pengembangan ide-ide seperti [[Keberuntungan egalitarianisme|egalitarianisme keberuntungan]] dan [[pemasukan dasar]], yang telah dikritik oleh para sarjana filsafat politik.<ref>https://www.philosophy.rutgers.edu/joomlatools-files/docman-files/4ElizabethAnderson.pdf</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Parijs|first=Philippe|year=1991|title=Why Surfers Should be Fed: The Liberal Case for an Unconditional Basic Income|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2265291|journal=Philosophy & Public Affairs|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101–131|jstor=2265291}}</ref> Karakter [[Egalitarianisme|egaliter]] yang kuat dari prinsip keadilan kedua Rawls telah mempertanyakan [[Kesetaraan sosial|jenis kesetaraan]] yang seharusnya diwujudkan oleh masyarakat yang adil. <ref>http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Sen-1979_Equality-of-What.pdf</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=G. A.|year=1990|title=Equality of What? On Welfare, Goods and Capabilities|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40723932|journal=Recherches Économiques de Louvain / Louvain Economic Review|volume=56|issue=3/4|pages=357–382|jstor=40723932}}</ref>
== Publikasi ==
=== Buku ===
* ''A Study in the Grounds of Ethical Knowledge: Considered with Reference to Judgments on the Moral Worth of Character''. [[:en:Ph.D._dissertation|Ph.D. dissertation]], Princeton University, 1950.
* ''[[:en:A_Theory_of_Justice|A Theory of Justice]].'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971. Edisi revisi tahun 1999 memasukan beberapa perubahan yang Rawls buat untuk edisi terjemahan untuk dari ''A Theory of Justice.''
* ''[[:en:Political_Liberalism|Political Liberalism]]. The John Dewey Essays in Philosophy, 4.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
* ''[[:en:The_Law_of_Peoples|The Law of Peoples]]: with "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited."'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999. Buku ini meliputi dua karya Rawls; esai yang telah dikembangkan sebelumnya yang berjudul "The Law of Peoples" dan sebuah esai lainnya yang berjudul "Public Reason Revisited".
* ''Collected Papers.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999. Koleksi dari makalah-makalah pendek ini diedit oleh Samuel Freeman.
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Lectures_on_the_History_of_Moral_Philoso.html?id=CUBTPfTaEHYC ''Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy.''] Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2000. Koleksi dari kuliah-kuliah ini diedit oleh Barbara Herman.
* ''[[:en:Justice_as_Fairness:_A_Restatement|Justice as Fairness: A Restatement]].'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2001. Ringkasan atas argumen-argumen Rawls ini diedit oleh Erin Kelly.
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Lectures_on_the_History_of_Political_Phi.html?id=yKclZky1oUkC ''Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy.''] Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007. Koleksi catatan kuliah tentang [[:en:Thomas_Hobbes|Thomas Hobbes]], [[:en:John_Locke|John Locke]], [[:en:Joseph_Butler|Joseph Butler]], [[:en:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[:en:David_Hume|David Hume]], [[:en:John_Stuart_Mill|John Stuart Mill]] dan [[:en:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], diedit oleh Samuel Freeman.
* ''A Brief Inquiry into the Meaning of Sin and Faith.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2010. Dengan pendahuluan dan komentar oleh Thomas Nagel, Joshua Cohen dan Robert Merrihew Adams. Senior thesis, Princeton, 1942. Volume buku ini termasuk sebuah esai singkat Rawls yang berjudul ''On My Religion''.
=== Artikel pilihan ===
* "Outline of a Decision Procedure for Ethics." ''Philosophical Review'' (April 1951), 60 (2): 177–97.
* "Two Concepts of Rules." ''Philosophical Review'' (January 1955), 64 (1):3–32.
* "Justice as Fairness." ''Journal of Philosophy'' (October 24, 1957), 54 (22): 653–62.
* "Justice as Fairness." ''Philosophical Review'' (April 1958), 67 (2): 164–94.
* "The Sense of Justice." ''Philosophical Review'' (July 1963), 72 (3): 281–305.
* "Constitutional Liberty and the Concept of Justice" ''Nomos VI'' (1963)
* "Distributive Justice: Some Addenda." Natural Law Forum (1968), 13: 51–71.
* "Reply to Lyons and Teitelman." ''Journal of Philosophy'' (October 5, 1972), 69 (18): 556–57.
* "Reply to Alexander and Musgrave." ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' (November 1974), 88 (4): 633–55.
* "Some Reasons for the Maximin Criterion." ''American Economic Review'' (May 1974), 64 (2): 141–46.
* "Fairness to Goodness." ''Philosophical Review'' (October 1975), 84 (4): 536–54.
* "The Independence of Moral Theory." ''Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association'' (November 1975), 48: 5–22.
* "A Kantian Conception of Equality." ''Cambridge Review'' (February 1975), 96 (2225): 94–99.
* "The Basic Structure as Subject." ''American Philosophical Quarterly'' (April 1977), 14 (2): 159–65.
* "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory." ''Journal of Philosophy'' (September 1980), 77 (9): 515–72.
* "Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical." ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'' (Summer 1985), 14 (3): 223–51.
* "The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus." ''Oxford Journal for Legal Studies'' (Spring 1987), 7 (1): 1–25.
* "The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good." ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'' (Fall 1988), 17 (4): 251–76.
* "The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus." ''New York University Law Review'' (May 1989), 64 (2): 233–55.
* "Roderick Firth: His Life and Work." ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'' (March 1991), 51 (1): 109–18.
* "The Law of Peoples." ''Critical Inquiry'' (Fall 1993), 20 (1): 36–68.
* "Political Liberalism: Reply to Habermas." ''Journal of Philosophy'' (March 1995), 92 (3):132–80.
* "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited." ''Chicago Law Review'' (1997), 64 (3): 765–807. [PRR]
=== Bab buku ===
* "Constitutional Liberty and the Concept of Justice." In Carl J. Friedrich and John W. Chapman, eds., ''Nomos, VI: Justice,'' pp. 98–125. Yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy. New York: Atherton Press, 1963.
* "Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play." In Sidney Hook, ed., ''Law and Philosophy: A Symposium'', pp. 3–18. New York: New York University Press, 1964. Proceedings of the 6th Annual New York University Institute of Philosophy.
* "Distributive Justice." In [[:en:Peter_Laslett|Peter Laslett]] and [[:en:W._G._Runciman|W. G. Runciman]], eds., ''Philosophy, Politics, and Society''. Third Series, pp. 58–82. London: Blackwell; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.
* "The Justification of Civil Disobedience." In [[:en:Hugo_Adam_Bedau|Hugo Adam Bedau]], ed., ''Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice'', pp. 240–55. New York: Pegasus Books, 1969.
* "Justice as Reciprocity." In Samuel Gorovitz, ed., ''Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill: With Critical Essays'', pp. 242–68. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.
* "Author's Note." In Thomas Schwartz, ed., ''Freedom and Authority: An Introduction to Social and Political Philosophy'', p. 260. Encino & Belmont, California: Dickenson, 1973.
* "Distributive Justice." In [[:en:Edmund_S._Phelps|Edmund S. Phelps]], ed., ''Economic Justice: Selected Readings'', pp. 319–62. Penguin Modern Economics Readings. Harmondsworth & Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973.
* "Personal Communication, January 31, 1976." In Thomas Nagel's "The Justification of Equality." Critica (April 1978), 10 (28): 9n4.
* "The Basic Liberties and Their Priority." In [[:en:Sterling_M._McMurrin|Sterling M. McMurrin]], ed., ''[[:en:The_Tanner_Lectures_on_Human_Values|The Tanner Lectures on Human Values]], III'' (1982), pp. 1–87. Salt Lake City: [[:en:University_of_Utah_Press|University of Utah Press]]; Cambridge: [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]], 1982.
* "Social unity and primary goods" in {{cite book|year=1982|title=Utilitarianism and beyond|location=Cambridge / Paris|publisher=Cambridge University Press / Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme|isbn=9780511611964|editor-last1=Sen|editor-first1=Amartya|editor-link1=Amartya Sen|pages=159–85|editor-last2=Williams|editor-first2=Bernard|editor-link2=Bernard Williams}}<cite id="CITEREFSenWilliams1982" class="citation book cs1"><span data-segmentid="2388" class="cx-segment">''Utilitarianism and beyond''. </span><span data-segmentid="2389" class="cx-segment">Cambridge / Paris: Cambridge University Press / Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. pp. 159–85. </span><span data-segmentid="2390" class="cx-segment">[[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780511611964|<bdi>9780511611964</bdi>]].</span></cite>
* "Themes in Kant's Moral Philosophy." In Eckhart Forster, ed., ''Kant's Transcendental Deductions: The Three Critiques and the Opus postumum'', pp. 81–113, 253–56. Stanford Series in Philosophy. Studies in Kant and German Idealism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1989.
=== Ulasan ===
* Review of [[:en:Axel_Hägerström|Axel Hägerström]]'s ''Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals'' (C.D. Broad, tr.). ''Mind'' (July 1955), 64 (255):421–22.
* Review of [[:en:Stephen_Toulmin|Stephen Toulmin]]'s ''An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics'' (1950). ''Philosophical Review'' (October 1951), 60 (4): 572–80.
* Review of [[:en:A._Vilhelm_Lundstedt|A. Vilhelm Lundstedt]]'s ''Legal Thinking Revised''. ''Cornell Law Quarterly'' (1959), 44: 169.
* Review of [[:en:Raymond_Klibansky|Raymond Klibansky]], ed., ''Philosophy in Mid-Century: A Survey''. ''Philosophical Review'' (January 1961), 70 (1): 131–32.
* Review of [[:en:Richard_B._Brandt|Richard B. Brandt]], ed., ''Social Justice'' (1962). ''Philosophical Review'' (July 1965), 74(3): 406–09.
== Referensi ==
| |||