Parasetamol: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Pada jangka waktu yang pendek, efek samping umum parasetamol mencakup [[mual]] dan nyeri perut.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=R. Andrew|last2=Moore|first2=Nicholas|date=2016-07-01|title=Paracetamol and pain: the kiloton problem|url=https://ejhp.bmj.com/content/23/4/187|journal=European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy|language=en|volume=23|issue=4|pages=187–188|doi=10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-000952|issn=2047-9956|pmc=PMC6451482|pmid=31156845}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conaghan|first=Philip G.|last2=Arden|first2=Nigel|last3=Avouac|first3=Bernard|last4=Migliore|first4=Alberto|last5=Rizzoli|first5=René|date=2019-04-01|title=Safety of Paracetamol in Osteoarthritis: What Does the Literature Say?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9|journal=Drugs & Aging|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=7–14|doi=10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9|issn=1179-1969|pmc=PMC6509082|pmid=31073920}}</ref> Penggunaan jangka panjang dapat mengakibatkan berkurangnya kadar [[hemoglobin]], salah satu ciri [[Pendarahan gastrointestinal|pendarahan saluran cerna]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Emmert|last2=Nunes|first2=Vanessa Delgado|last3=Buckner|first3=Sara|last4=Latchem|first4=Susan|last5=Constanti|first5=Margaret|last6=Miller|first6=Paul|last7=Doherty|first7=Michael|last8=Zhang|first8=Weiya|last9=Birrell|first9=Fraser|date=2016-03-01|title=Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies|url=https://ard.bmj.com/content/75/3/552|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|language=en|volume=75|issue=3|pages=552–559|doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206914|issn=0003-4967|pmc=PMC4789700|pmid=25732175}}</ref> dan hasil uji [[fungsi hati]] yang abnormal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leopoldino|first=Amanda O|last2=Machado|first2=Gustavo C|last3=Ferreira|first3=Paulo H|last4=Pinheiro|first4=Marina B|last5=Day|first5=Richard|last6=McLachlan|first6=Andrew J|last7=Hunter|first7=David J|last8=Ferreira|first8=Manuela L|date=2019-02-25|title=Paracetamol versus placebo for knee and hip osteoarthritis|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013273|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2019|issue=8|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd013273|issn=1465-1858|pmc=PMC6388567|pmid=30801133}}</ref> Terdapat hubungan antara dosis tinggi parasetamol dan peningkatan [[Mortalitas|kematian]] serta efek samping pada [[sistem peredaran darah]] ([[strok]], [[serangan jantung]]), saluran pencernaan ([[Ulkus peptikum|ulkus]], [[Pendarahan gastrointestinal|pendarahan]]),<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conaghan|first=Philip G.|last2=Arden|first2=Nigel|last3=Avouac|first3=Bernard|last4=Migliore|first4=Alberto|last5=Rizzoli|first5=René|date=2019-04-01|title=Safety of Paracetamol in Osteoarthritis: What Does the Literature Say?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9|journal=Drugs & Aging|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=7–14|doi=10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9|issn=1179-1969|pmc=PMC6509082|pmid=31073920}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Choueiri|first=Toni K.|last2=Je|first2=Youjin|last3=Cho|first3=Eunyoung|date=2014|title=Analgesic use and the risk of kidney cancer: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijc.28093|journal=International Journal of Cancer|language=en|volume=134|issue=2|pages=384–396|doi=10.1002/ijc.28093|issn=1097-0215|pmc=PMC3815746|pmid=23400756}}</ref> dan [[ginjal]]. Obat ini juga dapat meningkatkan risiko munculnya [[Tekanan darah tinggi|hipertensi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=McCrae|first=J. C.|last2=Morrison|first2=E. E.|last3=MacIntyre|first3=I. M.|last4=Dear|first4=J. W.|last5=Webb|first5=D. J.|date=2018|title=Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol – a review|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bcp.13656|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|language=en|volume=84|issue=10|pages=2218–2230|doi=10.1111/bcp.13656|issn=1365-2125|pmc=PMC6138494|pmid=29863746}}</ref> Peningkatan kejadian serangan [[asma]] dan gangguan perkembangan serta reproduktif tampak pada keturunan perempuan dengan penggunaan jangka panjang parasetamol selama [[kehamilan]]. Kebenaran akan parasetamol sebagai penyebab utamanya masih belum jelas.<ref name=":1" /> Bukti hubungan antara penggunaan parasetamol selama kehamilan dan [[gangguan spektrum autisme]] serta [[gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas]] ditemukan memiliki kekuatan sedang.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bauer|first=Ann Z.|last2=Kriebel|first2=David|last3=Herbert|first3=Martha R.|last4=Bornehag|first4=Carl-Gustaf|last5=Swan|first5=Shanna H.|date=2018-05-01|title=Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: A review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X17304543|journal=Hormones and Behavior|series=Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Behavior|language=en|volume=101|pages=125–147|doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.01.003|issn=0018-506X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gou|first=Xiaoyun|last2=Wang|first2=Yan|last3=Tang|first3=Ying|last4=Qu|first4=Yi|last5=Tang|first5=Jun|last6=Shi|first6=Jing|last7=Xiao|first7=Dongqiong|last8=Mu|first8=Dezhi|date=2019-03-01|title=Association of maternal prenatal acetaminophen use with the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: A meta-analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418823276|journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=53|issue=3|pages=195–206|doi=10.1177/0004867418823276|issn=0004-8674}}</ref> Oleh karena itu, penggunaan parasetamol pada masa kehamilan dianjurkan dilakukan pada dosis efektif yang paling rendah dalam waktu yang sesingkat mungkin.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toda|first=Katsuhiro|date=2017-10-01|title=Is acetaminophen safe in pregnancy?|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.09.007/html|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Pain|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=445–446|doi=10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.09.007|issn=1877-8879}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Black|first=Eleanor|last2=Khor|first2=Kok Eng|last3=Kennedy|first3=Debra|last4=Chutatape|first4=Anuntapon|last5=Sharma|first5=Swapnil|last6=Vancaillie|first6=Thierry|last7=Demirkol|first7=Apo|date=2019|title=Medication Use and Pain Management in Pregnancy: A Critical Review|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/papr.12814|journal=Pain Practice|language=en|volume=19|issue=8|pages=875–899|doi=10.1111/papr.12814|issn=1533-2500}}</ref>