Pengguna:Dare2Leap/Bak pasir 2: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dulu, perkawinan di sebagian besar masyarakat [[Perjodohan|diatur oleh orangtua]] dan kerabat tua dengan tujuan bukan cinta tetapi keturunan dan "kestabilan ekonomi dan aliansi politik, menurut [[antropolog]].<ref name="twsDecM11" /> Oleh karena itu, tidak ada kebutuhan periode trial sementara seperti pacaran sebelum hubungan yang diakui komunitas dibentuk antara pria dan wanita. Walaupun berbagai jenis pasangan diakui oleh sebagian besar masyarakat sebagai hubungan sosial yang cocok, perkawinan dibatasi ke ikatan heteroseksual dan memiliki sifat transaksional, dimana istri sering menjadi bentuk properti yang ditukar antara ayah dan suami, dan harus melayani fungsi reproduksi. Komunitas menekan orang untuk membentuk ikatan pasangan di Eropa; di Tiongkok, masyarakat "menuntut orang melakukan perkawinan sebelum memiliki hubungan seksual"<ref name="twsDecI22bb" /> dan banyak masyarakat menemukan bahwa suatu hubungan yang diakui secara resmi antara pria dan wanita adalah cara terbaik membesarkan dan mendidik [[anak]] sekaligus membentuk menghindari konflik dan kesalahpahaman mengenai kompetisi untuk pasangan.

 

 

In the past, marriages in most societies were [[Arranged marriage|arranged by parents]] and older relatives with the goal not being [[love]] but legacy and "economic stability and political alliances", according to [[Anthropology|anthropologists]].<ref name="twsDecM11">{{cite journal|author1=Kris Paap|author2=Douglas Raybeck|year=2005|title=A Differently Gendered Landscape: Gender and Agency in the Web-based Personals|trans-title=Lanskap Berbeda Gender: Jenis Kelamin dan Agensi pada Hal Pribadi berbasis Web|journal=Electronic Journal of Sociology|quote=most marriages in the world are arranged...|citeseerx=10.1.1.107.993}}</ref> Accordingly, there was little need for a temporary trial period such as courtship before a permanent community-recognized union was formed between a man and a woman. While pair-bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, marriage was reserved for heterosexual pairings and had a transactional nature, where wives were in many cases a form of property being exchanged between father and husband, and who would have to serve the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair-bonds in places such as [[Europe]]; in [[China]], society "demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship"<ref name="twsDecI22bb">{{cite news|date=2005-11-11|title=Parents explore dating scene for choosy children|trans-title=Orangtua menjelajahi tempat kencan untuk anak yang rewel|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|newspaper=China Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429155251/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/11/content_493925.htm|archive-date=2010-04-29|access-date=2010-12-09|quote=... in earlier times society demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship.|url-status=live}}</ref> and many societies found that some formally recognized bond between a man and a woman was the best way of rearing and educating [[Child|children]] as well as helping to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings regarding competition for mates.

[[Berkas:DickseeRomeoandJuliet.jpg|ka|jmpl|The clandestine meeting between Romeo and Juliet in [[Romeo and Juliet|Shakespeare's play]]. Painting by [[Frank Dicksee|Sir Frank Dicksee]], 1884]]

 

From about 1700 a worldwide{{Fact?|date=March 2023|reason=Worldwide? Or only in Europe?}} movement perhaps described as the "empowerment of the individual"{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} took hold, leading towards greater emancipation of women and equality of individuals. Men and women became more equal politically, financially, and socially in many nations. In the early 20th centuries, women gradually won the [[Women's suffrage|right to vote]] starting in the first [[sovereign nation]] [[Norway]] in 1913, and to own property and receive [[Equality before the law|equal treatment by the law]], and these changes had profound impacts on the relationships between men and women and parental influence declined. In many societies, individuals could decide—on their own—whether they should marry, whom they should marry, and when they should marry in a "courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, under the watchful eye of a [[Chaperone (social)|chaperone]],"<ref>{{cite news|author=Brenda Wilson|date=June 8, 2009|title=Sex Without Intimacy: No Dating, No Relationships|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|work=National Public Radio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125191419/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105008712|archive-date=2010-11-25|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=Dating itself ... evolved out of a courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, ...|url-status=live}}</ref> but increasingly, in many Western countries, it became a self-initiated activity with two young people going out as a couple in public together. Still, courtship varies considerably by nation, custom, religious upbringing, technology, and social class, and important exceptions with regards to individual freedoms remain as many countries today still practice arranged marriages, request dowries, and forbid same-sex pairings. Although in many countries, movies, meals, and meeting in coffeehouses and other places is now popular, as are advice books suggesting various strategies for men and women,<ref name="twsDecH26c">{{cite news|author=Maureen Dowd quoting poet Dorothy Parker|year=2005|title=What's a Modern Girl to Do?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410033738/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30feminism.html|archive-date=2011-04-10|access-date=2010-12-08|quote=...What our grandmothers told us about playing hard to get is true. ...|url-status=live}}</ref> in other parts of the world, such as in South Asia and many parts of the Middle East, being alone in public as a couple is not only frowned upon but can even lead to either person being socially ostracized.