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Esa Fadjri (bicara | kontrib)
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{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=RedInvasi ArmyTentara invasionMerah ofke Azerbaijan|partof=the [[Armenian–AzerbaijaniPerang war (1918–1920)|Armenian–Azerbaijani WarArmenia-Azerbaijan]] and thedan [[RussianPerang CivilSaudara WarRusia]]|image=Красная армия в Баку, май 1920 г..jpg|image_size=300|caption=RedTentara ArmyMerah indi Baku, MayMei 1920|date=27 April 1920 - 28 April 1920|place=[[TranscaucasiaTranskaukasia]]|result=Overthrow{{bulletedlist|Bubarnya ofPemerintahan theRepublik ADRDemokratik government<br/> Establishment ofAzerbaijan|Didirikannya [[AzerbaijanRepublik Sosialis Soviet SocialistAzerbaijan|RSS Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]]}}|combatant1={{flag|RussianRSFS SFSRRusia|1918}}<br>{{flagicon|Azerbaijan SSR|1920}} [[AzerbaijanPartai CommunistKomunis Party (1920)Azerbaijan|AzerbaijaniBolshevik BolsheviksAzerbaijan]]|combatant2={{flagicon image|Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg}} [[AzerbaijanRepublik DemocraticDemokratik Republic|Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]]|commander1={{nowrap|{{flagicon|RussianRSFS SFSRRusia|1918}} [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]]}}<br>{{flagicon|RussianRSFS SFSRRusia|1918}} [[Mikhail Levandovsky]]<br>{{flagicon|RussianRSFS SFSRRusia|1918}} [[Mikhail Yefremov (military commander)|Mikhail Yefremov]]<br>{{flagicon|RSS Azerbaijan SSR|1920}} [[Gazanfar Musabekov]]<br>{{flagicon|RSS Azerbaijan SSR|1920}} [[Nariman Narimanov]]<br>{{flagicon|RSS Azerbaijan SSR|1920}} [[Chingiz Ildyrym]]|commander2={{flagicon image|Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg}} [[Mammad Hasan Hajinski|Mammad H. Hajinski]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg}} [[Samad bey Mehmandarov|Samad Mehmandarov]]<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg}} [[Abdulhamid bey Gaytabashi|Abdulhamid Gaytabashi]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg}} [[Aliagha Shikhlinski]]}}|strength1=|strength2=|casualties1=|casualties2=|campaignbox={{Southern Front of the Russian Civil War}}}}'''Invasi Tentara Merah ke Azerbaijan''', yang dikenal sebagai '''Sovietisasi''' atau '''Invasi Soviet ke Azerbaijan''' adalah sebuah invasi yang dilakukan oleh [[Tentara Kesebelas Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia|Tentara Kesebelas]] [[Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia]] yang bertujuan untuk membentuk sebuah pemerintahan Soviet baru di [[Republik Demokratik Azerbaijan|Republik Demoratik Azerbaijan]] yang dilakukan pada tangal 27 April 1920 dan berakhir sehari setelahnya{{sfn|Altstadt|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts/page/n132 108]}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azerbaijan|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/azerbaijan|website=International Encyclopedia of the First World War}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Civil War|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Civil-War|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>. Invasi ini dilakukan setelah terjadinya kekacauan anti-pemerintah yang dilakukan [[Bolshevik]] lokal Azerbaijan di ibukota [[Baku]]. Hasil dari invasi ini menyebabkan bubarnya Republik Demokratik Azerbaijan dan didirikannya [[Republik Sosialis Soviet Azerbaijan]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 September 2012|title=Republic of Azerbaijan, pre-USSR (1918-1920)|url=http://www.dcstamps.com/republic-of-azerbaijan-pre-ussr/|website=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes}}</ref>{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=31}}.
 
== Latar Belakang ==
Baris 9:
Dalam catatannya yang kedua, Chicherin menuduh pemerintah Azerbaijan telah menolak bergabung dengan Tentara Rusia melawan musuh-musuh Rusia. Respon Khoyski yang dibuat pada awal bulan Februari menegaskan urgensi Azerbaijan untuk diakui sebagai sebuah negara berdaulat dan merdeka sebelum negosiasi lebih lanjut dapat dilaksanakan. Chicherin dalam catatan selanjutnya menolak mengakui kemerdekaan Azerbaijan dan menganggap bahwa permintaan Khoyski adalah sebuah penolakan terhadap permintaan dari Uni Soviet{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=175}}.
 
Diwaktu yang bersamaan, Partai Komunis Azerbaijan melihat peningkatan jumlah anggotanya menjadi 4000 anggota pada akhir bulan April 1920{{Sfn|Swietochowski|1995|p=93}}. Banyak saran agar Azerbaijan menyerah kepada RSFSR yang dipandang sebagai satu-satunya jalan untuk menyelamatkan Azerbaijan{{Sfn|Cornell|2011|p=29}}. Bahkan Mammad Hasan Hajinski, Menteri Dalam Negeri Azerbaijan juga mendukung saran tersebut{{sfn|Leeuw|2000|p=52}}. Bahkan setelah dicopot dari jabatannya dan diberikan jabatan yang lebih rendah di Kabinet Republik Demokratik Azerbaijan, Hajinski tetap melanjutkan orientasi ekonominya yang Pro-RSFSR seperti menjual minyak ke RSFSR{{Sfn|Cornell|2011|p=29}}.
Diwaktu yang bersamaan, Partai Komunis Azerbaijan melihat peningkatan jumlah anggotanya mening
 
Pada 23 Maret 1920, orang-orang Armenia di [[Karabakh]] melakukan protes yang didukung oleh [[Republik Armenia (1918-1920)|Armenia]]{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=177}}. Pemerintah Azerbaijan merespon protes itu dengan menempatkan sejumlah besar tentaranya di wilayah Karabakh dan membuat wilayah [[Baku]] dan bagian Utara Azerbaijan menjadi kekurangan tentara untuk melindungi wilayah itu{{sfn|Leeuw|2000|p=52}}. Sementara itu, Tentara Kesebelas telah bergerak menuju [[Kaukasus Utara]] dan berhasil mencapai batas wilayah Azerbaijan{{Sfn|Cornell|2011|p=29}}.
During this time, the AzCP witnessed a growing number of followers, with membership reaching 4,000 individuals by late April 1920.{{Sfn|Swietochowski|1995|p=93}} Many advocated for Azerbaijan to surrender to Soviet Russia as the only way to save the republic.{{Sfn|Cornell|2011|p=29}} Notably, [[Mammad Hasan Hajinski]], the [[Interior ministry|interior minister]] at the time, strongly supported this idea.{{sfn|Leeuw|2000|p=52}} Even after being reassigned to a less central position in the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet of ministers]], Hajinski continued his economically oriented pro-Russian activities, such as selling oil to the Soviets.{{Sfn|Cornell|2011|p=29}}
 
Diawal tahun 1920, RSFSR sangat membutuhkan suplai minyak dari Baku<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Historical Overview|url=http://www.communistcrimes.org/en/Database/Azerbaijan/Historical-Overview|website=Communist Crimes}}</ref>. Pada 17 Maret 1920, Vladimir Lenan mengirimkan [[telegram]] kepada [[Dewan Militer Revolusioner]] [[Front Kaukasus]] yang berbunyi :<blockquote>Kita harus mengambil alih Baku. Arahkan semua upaya Anda untuk tujuan ini, tetapi Anda harus tetap diplomatis dalam pernyataan Anda dan untuk memastikan persiapan yang solid untuk kekuatan Soviet setempat. Hal yang sama berlaku untuk [[Republik Demokratik Georgia|Georgia]], meskipun dalam hal ini saya menyarankan Anda untuk lebih berhati-hati<ref>[http://leninism.su/works/tom-51/pisma-mart-1920.html Ленин В. И. Полное собрание сочинений Том 51. Письма: март 1920 г.]</ref>.</blockquote>[[Alexander Serebrovsky]] kemudian diangkat untuk mengawasi ladang minyak di Baku dan [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]] bersama wakilnya, [[Sergey Mironovich Kirov|Sergei Kirov]] ditugasi untuk melakukan tindakan militer yang ditujukan untuk mengamankan daerah itu dibawah bantuan Biro Kaukasus{{Sfn|Swietochowski|1995|p=92}}. Dalam keadaan yang bingung, Khoyski mengirim sebuah catatan ke Chicherin pada tanggal 15 April 1920, yang meminta penjelasan atas pergerakan pasukan Bolshevik. Chicherin tidak membalas catatan itu{{Sfn|Isgenderli|2011|p=200}}.
On 23 March 1920, Armenians in [[Karabakh]] began protesting with the support of [[Yerevan]].{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=177}} The Azerbaijani government responded by deploying a significant portion of its army to the region, leaving [[Baku]] and the northern territories with limited protection.{{sfn|Leeuw|2000|p=52}} Meanwhile, the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] [[11th Army (RSFSR)|Eleventh Army]] was advancing through the [[North Caucasus]], including [[Dagestan]], and approaching the borders of Azerbaijan.{{Sfn|Cornell|2011|p=29}}
 
''Landscape'' politik di Azerbaijan juga mengalami pergantian. Anggota Partai Himmat yang terafiliasi dengan [[Menshevik]] bergabung dengan Partai Komunis, sementara anggota Partai Ittihad juga mengalami penurunan keanggotaan karena banyak anggotanya yang bergabung dengan Partai Komunis Azerbaijan. Pemerintahan Ussubakov yang kehilangan dukungan dari Ittihad, akhirnya bubar pada 1 April{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=178}}<ref name=":2" />. Karena situasi ini, Hajinski membentuk kabinet baru. Hajinsky terlibat dengan negosiasi lanjutan dengan Halil Pasha, yang dianggap sebagai teman Turki-nya. Bersama dengan Partai Komunis Azerbaijan, mereka merancang sebuah resolusi menegaskan bahwa invasi Tentara Merah tidak diperlukan, karena [[Partai Komunis Turki]] dan PKAz berencana mengadakan kudeta internal{{Sfn|Swietochowski|1995|p=92}}. Mereka juga memperoleh konfirmasi dari Tentara Kesebelas bahwa mereka akan menahan diri untuk tidak melakukan intervensi selama 24 jam{{Sfn|Isgenderli|2011|p=200}}.
By early 1920, Soviet Russia was in dire need of oil supplies from Baku.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Historical Overview|url=http://www.communistcrimes.org/en/Database/Azerbaijan/Historical-Overview|website=Communist Crimes}}</ref> On 17 March 1920, [[Vladimir Lenin]] sent the following telegraph to the [[Revolutionary Military Council]] on the [[Transcaucasian Military District|Caucasus Front]]:
{{quotation|We absolutely must take Baku. Direct all your efforts to this end, but it is necessary to remain strictly diplomatic in your statements and to ensure to a maximum extent a solid preparation for the local Soviet power. Same applies to [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]], although in this case I advise you to be even more careful.<ref>[http://leninism.su/works/tom-51/pisma-mart-1920.html Ленин В. И. Полное собрание сочинений Том 51. Письма: март 1920 г.]</ref>}}
Subsequently, [[Alexander Serebrovsky]] was appointed the oversee the Baku oil fields, and [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]], along with his deputy [[Sergey Kirov]], were tasked with military actions aimed at conquering the territory under the auspices of the Caucasian Bureau.{{Sfn|Swietochowski|1995|p=92}} In a state of confusion, Khoyski sent a note to Chicherin on 15 April, demanding an explanation for the approaching Bolshevik troops. However, Chicherin did not respond.{{Sfn|Isgenderli|2011|p=200}}
 
== Daftar Referensi ==
The political landscape in Azerbaijan was also shifting. Members of the Himmat party, who were aligned with the [[Mensheviks]], joined the Communist Party, while the Ittihad party experienced a decline in membership in favor of the AzCP. Ussubakov's government, which lost support from Ittihad due to members defecting to the CP, resigned on 1 April.{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=178}}<ref name=":2" /> Exploiting the situation, Hajinski formed a new cabinet. He engaged in continuous negotiations with Halil Pasha, who regarded him as a friend of Turkey. Together with the AzCP, they drafted a resolution asserting that a Red Army invasion was unnecessary, as the [[Turkish Communist Party (official)|Turkish Communist Party]] and the AzCP planned to organize an internal coup.{{Sfn|Swietochowski|1995|p=92}} They also obtained confirmation from the 11th Army that it would refrain from intervening for a 24-hour period.{{Sfn|Isgenderli|2011|p=200}}
 
== Military operation ==
On 21 April 1920, Tukhachevsky issued the following directive for the 11th Red Army and the Volga-Caspian military flotilla to initiate an offensive towards Baku:
{{quotation|Azerbaijan's main forces are busy on the western side of the country. According to our intelligence, only a minor Azerbaijani force is defending the station of Yalama—Baku. In accordance with received directives, I order:<br /><br />
1. For the commander of 11th Army to cross the border Azerbaijan on April 27 and, in a quick offensive, to take control of the Baku province. [[Yalama]]—Baku operation to be concluded within 5 days. The cavalry units must be sent to take control of the Transcaucasian railroad around Kurdamir.<br /><br />
2. By the time, when 11th Army approaches the Absheron Peninsula, commander of the [Caspian] flotilla, Raskolnikov, to ensure landing of a small unit around the [[Ələt|Alat]] station. This unit shall take orders from the commander of 11th Army. Make a quick raid to take control of Baku using all of the tanker fleet, prevent any damage to the oil fields<ref name="Shirokorad">{{Harv|Shirokorad|2006|pp=232–244}}</ref>}}
The day after, Hajinsky announced his failure to form a new cabinet.{{Sfn|Leeuw|2000|p=53}} On 24 April, the Bolshevik army commenced [[mobilization]], occupying government buildings and imposing [[martial law]] in Baku.{{Sfn|Leeuw|2000|p=53}}{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=180}} Operations continued on 25 April, with all Communist party committees facing immediate death threats if they failed to comply with orders. At midnight on 27 April, the Azerbaijani government learned that Russian troops were entering the country from the north. With most military forced deployed to Karabakh, only a small portion of the army remained available to confront them. General [[Aliagha Shikhlinski]] was unable to take military action to halt the Russian advance towards Baku.{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=180}}
 
On the same day, the Russian Communist Party, Azerbaijan Communist Party, and the Caucasian Regional Committee established the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee, which proclaimed itself the sole lawful authority in the country. [[Nariman Narimanov]] was designated as the head of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee, alongside members such as [[Mirza Davud Huseynov]], Ghazanfar Musabakov, [[Hamid Sultanov]], Dadash Buniatzada, Alimov, and [[Aliheydar Garayev|Ali Heydar Garayev]].{{Sfn|Altstadt|1992|p=109}} With the founding of AzRevKom, Sultanov promptly presented an ultimatum to the Parliament: surrender, transfer its powers, and dissolve within 12 hours.{{Sfn|Leeuw|2000|p=53}}
 
Parliament came to a conclusion to pass the authority to the Communist Party under the following conditions:{{Sfn|Swietochowski|2004|p=182}}
{{Blockquote|text=1. Full independence of Azerbaijan under Soviet power will be maintained.
 
2. The government formed by the Communist Party of Azerbaijan will have provisional authority.
 
3. The final system of government in Azerbaijan will be determined without any outside pressure, by the supreme legislative organ of Azerbaijan, the Soviet of Azerbaijani Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers.
 
4. All functionaries of the governmental agencies will retain their posts and only persons holding positions of responsibility will be replaced.
 
5. The newly formed provisional Communist government guarantees the life and property of the members of the present government and parliament.
 
6. It will take measures to prevent the entry of the Red Army under battle conditions.
 
7. The new government will resist, using strong measures and all the means at its disposal, all outside forces, from whatever quarter, aiming at the suppression of Azerbaijani independence.|sign=|source=}}
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ceased to exist on 28 April 1920, when it was occupied.<ref name=":2" /> The invasion of Azerbaijan had both economic and political motivations. The primary reason for the occupation was the country's oil resources, which would enable the Soviets to fulfill their territorial expansion plans.{{Sfn|Isgenderli|2011|p=}}<ref name=":3" />
 
According to Russian historian A.B. Shirokorad, the Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan followed a familiar Bolshevik pattern: a local revolutionary committee incites actual or "virtual" worker riots and then seeks assistance from the Red Army. This strategy would be employed again during the Soviet invasions of [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungary (1956)]] and [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia (1968)]]. On 28 April 1920, the Baku Revolutionary Committee officially requested aid from the [[Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russian Government]]. However, the day before, on 27 April, the 11th Red Army, comprising the 26th, 28th, and 32nd rifle divisions and the 2nd mounted corps (consisting of over 30,000 soldiers), had already invaded Azerbaijan's teritory.<ref name="Shirokorad" />
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
Baris 63 ⟶ 32:
* {{cite book|last=Swietochowski|first=Tadeusz|year=2004|title=Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community.|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521263108}}
 
== SeeLihat alsoJuga ==
 
* [[RedInvasi ArmyTentara invasionMerah ofke Georgia]]
* [[AzerbaijanRepublik DemocraticDemokratik RepublicAzerbaijan]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Invasi_Azerbaijan_oleh_Tentara_Merah"