Osteichthyes: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 20:
== Struktur Tubuh ==
Semua jenis ikan yang termasuk dalam kelas Osteichthyes memiliki sebagian tulang keras, mulut dan lubang hidungnya ventral, celah-celah pharyngeal tertutup (tidak terlihat dari luar) dan jantungnya hanya memiliki satu ventrikel.<ref name="BSE"/> Jantung beruang dua, darah berwarna pucat, mengandung eritrosit yang berinti dan leukosit. Ikan ini juga mempunyai sistem limfa dan sistem porta renalis. Mempunyai hati yang berkantong empedu. Lambung dipisahkan dari usus oleh sebuah katup, mempunyai kloaka, tetapi tidak jelas adanya pankreas. Terdapat gelembung renang. Mempunyai gurat sisi, indra mata, telinga dalam dengan tiga saluran semisirkulerdan memiliki otolit untuk keseimbangan. Bernapas dengan insang yang memiliki tutup insang (operkulum).<ref name="Erlangga"/>
{{clade|{{clade
|label1=[[Sarcopterygii]] |sublabel1=(lobe-fins)
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Actinistia]]
|1= [[Coelacanthiformes]] [[File:Coelacanth flipped.png|70 px]]
|label2=[[Rhipidistia]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Dipnoi]]
|1=[[Ceratodontiformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Chinle fish Arganodus cropped cropped.png|70 px]]</span>
|label2=[[Tetrapodomorpha]]
|2=[[Tetrapoda]][[File:Salamandra salamandra (white background).jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Actinopterygii]] |sublabel2=(ray-fins)
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Cladistia]]
|1= [[Polypteriformes]][[File:Cuvier-105-Polyptère.jpg|70 px]]
|label2=[[Actinopteri]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Chondrostei]]
|1= [[Acipenseriformes]][[File:Atlantic sturgeon flipped.jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Neopterygii]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Holostei]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Ginglymodi]]
|1= [[Lepisosteiformes]][[File:Alligator gar fish (white background).jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Halecomorphi]]
|2= [[Amiiformes]][[File:Amia calva (white background).jpg|70px]]
}}
|label2=[[Teleostei]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Elopomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|1= [[Elopiformes]][[File:M.E. Blochii ... Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (Plate 82) (white background).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Albuliformes]][[File:Pterothrissus gissu1.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Notacanthiformes]][[File:Notacanthus sexspinis1.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Anguilliformes]][[File:Anguilla anguilla1.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Osteoglossocephalai]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Osteoglossomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Osteoglossiformes]] [[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl26 Osteoglossum minus flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2=[[Hiodontiformes]] [[File:Hiodon tergisus NOAA.jpg|70px]]
}}
|label2=[[Clupeocephala]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Otomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Otocephala]]
|1= [[Clupeiformes]][[File:Clupea harengus Gervais.jpg|70px]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Alepocephali]]
|1= [[Alepocephaliformes]][[File:Xenodermichthys copei1 flipped.jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Ostariophysi]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Anotophysa]]
|1= [[Gonorynchiformes]][[File:Chanos chanos Day.png|70px]]
|label2=[[Otophysa]]
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1= [[Cypriniformes]][[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Characiformes]][[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl37 (Serrasalmus humeralis).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Gymnotiformes]] [[File:Johann Natterer - Ituí-cavalo (Apteronotus albifrons).jpg|70px]]
|2=[[Siluriformes]][[File:Black bullhead flipped.jpeg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Euteleostei|Euteleosteomorpha]]
|2={{clade
|label1x=[[Lepidogalaxii]] <!--unnecessary; stretches cladogram horizontally-->
|1= [[Lepidogalaxiiformes]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Protacanthopterygii]]
|1={{clade
|1= [[Argentiniformes]][[File:Argentina sphyraena.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1= [[Galaxiiformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Galaxias maculatus.jpg|70px]]</span>
|2={{clade
|1= [[Salmoniformes]] [https://thegioiesports.com esports] [[File:Salmo salar flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Esociformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Esox lucius1.jpg|70px]]</span>
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Stomiatii]]
|1={{clade
|1= [[Osmeriformes]][[File:Osmerus mordax flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Stomiatiformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Idiacanthus_atlanticus.jpg|70px]]</span>
}}
|2=[[Neoteleostei]][[File:Zeus faber.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%|label1='''Osteichthyes'''/|sublabel1=[[Euteleostomi]]}}
== Filogeni ==
Filogeni Osteichthyes yang masih hidup, termasuk tetrapoda, ditunjukkan dalam [[kladogram]] di bawah ini.<ref name=Betancur>{{cite journal|author=Betancur-R, Ricardo |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes |journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life |volume=5 |issue=Edition 1 |doi=10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 |pmid=23653398 |pmc=3644299 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Betancur-R|display-authors=etal|year=2013|title=Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)|url=http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf|journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life|issue=Edition 1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021004157/http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Betancur-R|display-authors=etal|year=2013|title=Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes|url=http://currents.plos.org/treeoflife/files/2013/04/Appendix_2_Classification1.pdf|journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life|issue=Edition 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ricardo Betancur-R|author2=Edward O. Wiley|author3=Gloria Arratia|author4=Arturo Acero|author5=Nicolas Bailly|author6=Masaki Miya|author7=Guillaume Lecointre|author8=Guillermo Ortí|year=2017|title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=17|issue=1|page=162|bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B|doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3|pmc=5501477|pmid=28683774|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Duplikasi genom utuh]] terjadi pada leluhur Osteichthyes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dehal|first1=Paramvir|last2=Boore|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=2005-09-06|title=Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=3|issue=10|pages=e314|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314|issn=1545-7885|pmc=1197285|pmid=16128622|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Contoh ==
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