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Baris 73:
{{Further|Daftar kota di Timur Dekat Kuno|Geografi Mesopotamia}}
[[File:Proto-cuneiform Cities list.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Rangkuman salinan daftar nama kota dari penghujung babak Uruk, antara lain Nipur, Uruk, Ur, Eresy, Kesy, dan Zabala]]
Menjelang penghujung milenium ke-4 SM, negeri Sumer terbagi-bagi menjadi banyak [[negara kota]] merdeka, ditandai oleh kanal-kanal dan tapal-tapal batas dari batu. Masing-masing negara kota berpusat pada bangunan kuil yang didarmabaktikan kepada dewa atau dewi pelindung tertentu dan diperintah oleh seorang imam pemangku ([[Ensi (Sumeria)|ensi]]) atau seorang raja ([[lugal]]) yang erat kaitannyahubungannya dengan upacara-upacara keagamaan negara kota yang bersangkutan.
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
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| image2 = The White Temple 'E at Uruk, 3500-3000 BCE.jpg
| image1 = White Temple ziggurat in Uruk.jpg
| footer = Zigurat Anu dan Kuil Putih di Uruk. Zigurat Anu, yakni bangunan menyerupai piramida yang didirikan lebih dulu, diduga berasal darididirikan sekitar tahun 4000 SM, sementara bangunan Kuil Putih yang dibangunberdiri di puncak Zigurat Anuatasnya diduga berasal darirampung sekitar tahun 3500 SM.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crüsemann |first1=Nicola |last2=Ess |first2=Margarete van |last3=Hilgert |first3=Markus |last4=Salje |first4=Beate |last5=Potts |first5=Timothy |title=Uruk: First City of the Ancient World |date=2019 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-444-3 |page=325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muCvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT325 |language=en}}</ref> Kemungkinan besar rekabentuk zigurat adalah leluhur rekabentuk piramida-[[piramida Mesir]], yang tertua di antaranya diduga berasal dari sekitar tahun 2600 SM.<ref>"Rekabentuk berundak pada Piramida Zoser di Saqara, piramida tepian Nil tertua yang diketahui saat ini, membersitkan dugaan adanya penyerapan konsep zigurat Mesopotamia." dalam {{cite book |last1=Held |first1=Colbert C. (University of Nebraska)|title=Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-96199-1 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOlgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |language=en}}</ref>}}<!--
 
Berikut ini adalah daftar tak lengkap kota-kota yang mungkin pernah didatangi, berinteraksi dan berdagang dengan, diinvasi, ditaklukkan, dihancurkan, diduduki, dikolonisasi oleh, dan/atau malah berada di dalam mandala pengaruh orang Sumer (diurut berdasarkan letak dari selatan ke utara):
An incomplete list of cities that may have been visited, interacted and traded with, invaded, conquered, destroyed, occupied, colonized by and/or otherwise within the Sumerians’ sphere of influence (ordered from south to north):
# [[Eridu]] (''TalTel Abu Syahrain''){{sup|SC}}
# Kuara (probably ''[[Talal Laham]]''){{sup|SU}}
# [[Ur]] (''TalalTel MuqayarAlmuqayar''){{sup|SC}}
# [[Kesh (Sumer)|Kesh]] (probably ''[[TalalTel JidirAljidir]]''){{sup|SU}}
# [[Larsa]] (''TalasTel SankarahAssankarah''){{sup|S}}
# [[Uruk]] (''Warka''){{sup|SC}}
# [[Bad-tibira]] (probablykemungkinan besar ''TellTel al-MadainAlmadain''){{sup|SC}}
# [[Lagash]] (''TellTel al-HibaAlhiba''){{sup|S}}
# [[Girsu]] (''Tello or Telloh''){{sup|S}}
# [[Umma]] (''Tell Jokha''){{sup|S}}
Baris 117:
# [[Nagar, Syria|Nagar]] (''Tell Brak''){{sup|W}}
{{plainlist|
*{{small|({{sup|S}}asebuah citykota indi [[southern Mesopotamia]])}}
*{{small|({{sup|M}}an outlying city in [[Central Iraq|central Mesopotamia]])}}
*{{small|({{sup|N}}an outlying city in [[northern Mesopotamia]])}}
Baris 502:
They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a [[mixed radix]] system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This [[sexagesimal]] system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], and [[archers]]. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records.
 
The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now [[SyriaSuriah]] anddan [[LebanonLibanon]]. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple.-->
 
== Baca juga ==
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Sumer"