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{{See also|Pasak lempung}}
[[File:Ancient ziggurat at Ali Air Base Iraq 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[Ziggurat Ur|Zigurat Besar di Ur]]'' ([[Kegubernuran Dhi Qar|Provinsi Zikar]], Irak), dibangun pada zaman [[Dinasti Ketiga Ur|Kulawangsa Ur Ketiga]] (sekitar tahun 2100 SM), didarmabaktikan kepada dewa bulan [[Sin (mitologi)|Nana]]]]
Daerah dataran Tigris-Efrat tidak mengandung mineral maupun ditumbuhi pepohonan. Bangunan-bangunan Sumer terbuat dari bata lempung cembung datar, tidak direkat dengan [[lepa]] maupun [[semen]]. Bangunan-bangunan bata lempung pada akhirnya akan hancur, oleh sebab itu bangunan-bangunan tersebut secara berkala dirubuhkan, diratakan dengan tanah, dan dibangun ulang di tempat yang sama. Aktivitas bangun ulang yang berlangsung terus-menerus lambat laun menaikkan permukaan tanah di kota-kota, sehingga kawasan perkotaan menjadi lebih tinggi daripada lingkungan di sekitarnya. Bukit-bukit yang dihasilkannya, yang dikenal dengan sebutan [[Tel (arkeologi)|tal]], dijumpai di seluruh Timur Dekat Kuno.<!--
 
Menurut [[Archibald Sayce]], [[piktogram]]-piktogram primitif dari babak awal sejarah Sumer (babak Uruk) menyiratkan bahwa "batu merupakan barang langka, tetapi sudah dipotong menjadi balok-balok dan cap-cap. Bata adalah material bangunan yang lumrah digunakan, dan dengan batalah kota-kota, benteng-benteng, kuil-kuil, dan rumah-rumah dibangun. Kota diperlengkapi dengan menara-menara dan tegak di atas landasan buatan manusia; tampilan rumah pun menyerupai menara. Rumah diperlengkapi pintu dengan daun pintu yang dapat digerakkan pada dapat digerakkan padasemacam sendi-sendinyadaun pintu d yangdan dapat dibdibuka wastutup provideddengan withsemacam aanak doorkunci. whichPintu turnedkota onlebih abesar hinge,lagi andukurannya coulddan betampaknya openedberdaun withpintu a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been doubleganda. TheBatu foundationpenjuru stones—or— ratherlebih bricks—oftepatnya abata housepenjuru were— consecratedrumah bydisucikan certaindengan objectsbenda-benda thattertentu wereyang depositeddipendam underdi thembawahnya."<ref name="Sayce">{{cite book |last=Sayce (ReverendPendeta) |first=A. H. |author-link=Archibald Sayce |url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologyofcun00sayc/archaeologyofcun00sayc_djvu.txt |title=The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |year=1908 |edition=2nd2 revised(edisi terevisi) |location=London, EnglandInggris; Brighton, EnglandInggris; New York |pages=98–100}}</ref>
 
Bangunan Sumer yang paling mengagumkan dan paling terkenal adalah zigurat, landasan berundak raksasa tempat kuil berdiri. Cap-cap silinder Sumer juga menampilkan gambar rumah-rumah yang terbuat dari gelagah, tidak bedanya dengan rumah-rumah gelagah yang didirikan oleh orang-[[Arab Rawa-Rawa|orang Arab Paya]] di Irak Selatan sampai tahun 400 Tarikh Masehi. Orang Sumer juga mengembangkan [[pelengkung]], yang memungkinkan mereka untuk mengembangkan sejenis kubah yang kukuh. Mereka membangun kubah dengan cara membangun dan menghubungkan beberapa pelengkung sekaligus. Kuil-kuil dan istana-istana orang Sumer dibangun dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan bangunan maupun teknik pengerjaan bangunan yang lebih maju, misalnya dilengkapi dengan dinding-[[dinding tunjang]], [[ceruk (arsitektur)|ceruk]]-ceruk pada dinding, [[tonggak|saka]]-saka separuh, dan pasak-[[pasak lempung]].
The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms that supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the [[Marsh Arabs]] of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the [[arch]], which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques, such as [[buttress]]es, [[Alcove (architecture)|recesses]], half [[column]]s, and [[clay nail]]s.
 
=== Matematika ===
{{Main|Matematika Babilonia|l1=Ilmu matematika orang Babel}}
{{Main|Babylonian mathematics}}
TheOrang SumeriansSumer developedmengembangkan asuatu complex system ofsistem [[metrologymetrologi]] c.yang rumit sekitar tahun 4000 BCSM.<!-- This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote [[multiplication table]]s on clay tablets and dealt with [[geometrical]] exercises and [[Division (mathematics)|division]] problems. The earliest traces of the [[Babylonian numerals]] also date back to this period.<ref>Duncan J. Melville (2003). [http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/3Mill/chronology.html Third Millennium Chronology]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707213616/http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/3Mill/chronology.html|date=2018-07-07}}, ''Third Millennium Mathematics''. [[St. Lawrence University]].</ref> The period c. 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the [[abacus]], and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their [[sexagesimal]] number system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ifrah |first=Georges |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w3q2 |title=The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-471-39671-0 |location=New York, New York |page=11}}</ref> The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BKRE5AjRM3AC&q=sherlock+holmes+in+babylon |title=Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: and other tales of mathematical history | first1=Marlow |last1=Anderson | first2=Robin J. |last2=Wilson |year= 2004 |access-date=2012-03-29| isbn= 978-0-88385-546-1}}</ref>▼
 
▲The Sumerians developed a complex system of [[metrology]] c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote [[multiplication table]]s on clay tablets and dealt with [[geometrical]] exercises and [[Division (mathematics)|division]] problems. The earliest traces of the [[Babylonian numerals]] also date back to this period.<ref>Duncan J. Melville (2003). [http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/3Mill/chronology.html Third Millennium Chronology]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707213616/http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/3Mill/chronology.html|date=2018-07-07}}, ''Third Millennium Mathematics''. [[St. Lawrence University]].</ref> The period c. 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the [[abacus]], and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their [[sexagesimal]] number system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ifrah |first=Georges |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w3q2 |title=The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-471-39671-0 |location=New York, New York |page=11}}</ref> The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BKRE5AjRM3AC&q=sherlock+holmes+in+babylon |title=Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: and other tales of mathematical history | first1=Marlow |last1=Anderson | first2=Robin J. |last2=Wilson |year= 2004 |access-date=2012-03-29| isbn= 978-0-88385-546-1}}</ref>
 
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Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Sumer"