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| caption1 = Raja-pendeta bersama jejenang memberi makan ternak suci, babak Uruk, sekitar tahun 3200 SM
| image2 = Uruk King priest feeding the sacred herd.jpg
| caption2 = Rekam [[segel silinder|cap silinder]] dari babak Uruk, sekitar tahun 3100 SM, koleksi [[Museum Louvre]]}}<!--
ByPada thebabak timeUruk, ofyaitu thekurun Urukwaktu period,sekitar c.tahun 4100–2900 BC calibratedSM, the volume ofbarang tradedagangan goodsyang transporteddiangkut alongmelewati thekanal-kanal canalsdan andsungai-sungai riversdi ofkawasan southernselatan Mesopotamia facilitatedmembuka thejalan risebagi ofmunculnya manybanyak large,kota [[socialbesar stratification|stratified]],yang temple-centeredberpusat cities,pada withkuil populationsdan ofdihuni overmasyarakat 10,000yang [[stratifikasi peoplesosial|terstratifikasi]], wheredengan centralizedpopulasi administrationsdi employedatas specialized workers10.000 Itjika, istempat fairlypemerintahan certainyang thattersentralisasi itmempekerjakan wastenaga-tenaga duringspesialis. theDapat Urukdipastikan periodbahwa thatpada Sumerianbabak citiesUruklah begankota-kota toSumer makemulai use ofmemanfaatkan [[Slavery in antiquity|slavetenaga labourbudak]] capturedyang fromdiculik thedari hilldaerah countryperbukitan, anddan thereada iscukup amplebanyak evidencebukti forpemberdayaan capturedbudak slavesbudak-budak asculikan workerssebagai intenaga thekerja earliestdi textsdalam karya-karya sastra Sumer terdahulu. ArtifactsArtefak-artefak, anddan evenbahkan colonieskoloni-koloni ofdari thisperadaban Uruk civilizationini havesudah beenditemukan founddi overseluruh adaerah wideluas area—fromyang themembentang dari [[Pegunungan Taurus Mountains]] indi [[TurkeyTurki]], tosampai theke [[MediterraneanLaut SeaTengah]] indi thesebelah westBarat, andbahkan merentang ke astimur farsampai eastsejauh askawasan westernbarat [[Iran]].<ref name="Algaze, Guillermo 2005">[[Guillermo Algaze|Algaze, Guillermo]] (2005). ''[[iarchive:urukworldsystemd0000alga|The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization]]'', SecondEdisi Editionke-2, University of Chicago Press.</ref>{{Rp|2–3}}
Perdadaban babak Uruk yang dibawa serta para saudagar dan kolonis Sumer, seperti yang ditemukan di [[Tal Birak]], berdampak kepada semua masyarakat di sekitarnya, yang berangsur-angsur mengembangkan kebudayaan dan ekonomi sendiri yang menyaingi Sumer. Kota-kota Sumer tidak mampu mempertahankan koloni-koloninya yang jauh dan terpencil dengan kekuatan militer.<ref name="Algaze, Guillermo 2005"/>
The Uruk period civilization, exported by Sumerian traders and colonists, like that found at [[Tell Brak]], had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote, long-distance colonies by military force.<ref name="Algaze, Guillermo 2005"/>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}
SumerianKemungkinan citiesbesar duringpemerintahan thekota-kota UrukSumer periodpada werebabak probablyUruk bersifat [[theocraticteokrasi|teokratis]], anddan werekemungkinan mostbesar likelydikepalai headedoleh byseorang a priestraja-kingpendeta (''ensi''), assisteddibantu bysuatu abadan councilmusyawarah ofpinisepuh elders,yang includingdianggotai both menlaki-laki andmaupun womenperempuan.<ref name="Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Thorkild (EdPenyunting) (1939),"The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11., 1939).</ref> ItCukup isbesar quitekemungkinannya possible that the later Sumerianbahwa [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheonpanteon]] wasSumer modeledakhir uponditata thismengikuti politicalstruktur structurepolitik semacam ini. ThereAda wassedikit littlebukti evidencepeperangan ofyang organizedterorganisasi warfareatau orprajurit professionalprofesional soldierspada during thebabak Uruk period, anddan townskota-kota werepada generallyumumnya unwalledtidak dipagari tembok. DuringPada kurun waktu thisinilah periodkota Uruk becamemenjadi thekota mostyang urbanizedpaling cityterurbanisasi indi the worlddunia, surpassingdengan forjumlah thewarga firstyang timemenembus angka 50,.000 inhabitantsjiwa untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah dunia.
[[Daftar Raja Sumeria|Daftar Raja Sumer]] kuno berisi kulawangsa-kulawangsa awal dari beberapa kota terkemuka pada kurun waktu ini. Senarai nama-nama pertama di dalam daftar tersebut adalah nama raja-raja yang dikatakan memeritah sebelum suatu kejadian banjir besar. Nama-nama awal ini mungkin saja fiktif, dan mencakup beberapa tokoh legendaris dan mitologis seperti [[Alulim]] dan [[Dumuzid]].<ref name=Jacobsen/>
The ancient [[Sumerian King List|Sumerian king list]] includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. These early names may be fictional, and include some legendary and mythological figures, such as [[Alulim]] and [[Dumuzid, the Shepherd|Dumizid]].<ref name=Jacobsen/>
TheBabak endUruk ofberakhir thepada Urukwaktu periodyang coincidedsama withdengan theterjadinya [[Piorabolak-balik oscillationPiora]], akurun drywaktu periodkemarau frompanjang c.kira-kira 3200–2900dari BCtahun that3200 markedsampai the2900 endSM ofyang amenandai longberakhirnya wetter,iklim warmeryang climatelebih periodbasah fromdan aboutlebih hangat yang berlangsung kira-kira dari 9,.000 totahun silam hingga 5,.000 yearstahun agosilam, calledyang thedisebut [[HolocenePuncak Cuaca Holosen|Iklim climaticOptimum optimumHolosen]].<ref>Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). ''Climate, History, and the Modern World''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-12735-1}}.</ref>
=== Babak Kulawangsa Awal ===
{{Main|EarlyPeriode DynasticDinasti PeriodAwal (Mesopotamia)|Firstl1=Babak DynastyKulawangsa ofPerdana|Kulawangsa Ur I}}
[[File:Meskalamdug helmet British Museum electrotype copy original is in the Iraq Museum, Bagdad.jpg|thumb|GoldenKetopong helmet ofemas [[Meskalamdug]], possibletokoh founderyang ofdiduga thekuat sebagai wangsakarta [[FirstKulawangsa DynastyUr ofI|Kerajaan Ur I]], 26thabad centuryke-26 BCSM]]
TheBabak dynastickulawangsa periodbermula beginssekitar c.tahun 2900 BCSM anddan wasdikait-kaitkan associateddengan withpergeseran adari shiftpemerintahan fromkuil thedi templebawah establishmentkepemimpinan headedbadan bymusyawarah councilpinisepuh ofyang eldersdiketuai ledseorang byagamawan ayang priestlydisebut "En" (aseorang malepria figurejika whenkuilnya itadalah wastempat a temple for amemuja goddessdewi, oratau aseorang femalewanita figurejika whenkuilnya headedadalah by atempat malememuja goddewa)<ref>Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once...; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion".</ref> towardskepada asuatu pemerintahan yang lebih moresekuler seculardi bawah kepemimpinan seorang Lugal (Lu = manorang, Gal = greatbesar), anddan includesmelibatkan suchtokoh-tokoh legendarybapa patriarchalleluhur figureslegendaris asseperti [[Dumuzid]], [[Lugalbanda]], anddan [[Gilgamesh|Gilgamesy]]—who—yang reignedmemerintah shortlytidak beforelama thesebelum historicrekam recordsejarah opensbermula c.sekitar tahun 2900 BCSM, whenmanakala thetulisan nowsilabis decipheredyang syllabickini writingsudah starteddapat todiartikan developmulai fromberkembang themenggantikan earlypiktogram-piktogram pictogramsyang menjadi cikal-bakalnya. ThePeradaban centerSumer oftetap Sumerianberpusat culturedi remained inkawasan southernselatan Mesopotamia, evensekalipun thoughtak rulerslama soonkemudian beganpara expandingpenguasa intoSumer neighboringmelebarkan areassayapnya ke kawasan-kawasan di sekitarnya, anddan neighboringmasyarakat-masyarakat SemiticSemit groupsyang adoptedmenjadi muchjiran ofSumer Sumerianmengadopsi culturebanyak forbudaya theirSumer ownmenjadi budaya mereka sendiri.<!--
The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is [[Etana]], 13th king of the first dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is [[Enmebaragesi]] of Kish (Early Dynastic I), whose name is mentioned in the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. Both Gilgamesh and one of his predecessors Enmerkar are credited with having built the walls of Uruk.<ref>George, Andrew (Translator) (2003), "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (Penguin Classics).</ref>
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