Angkatan Bersenjata Filipina: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Angkatan Bersenjata Filipina''' ({{lang-tl|Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas}}; {{lang-es|Fuerzas Armadas de Filipinas}}; {{lang-en|Armed Forces of the Philippines}}, disingkat '''AFP''') adalah sebuah nama [[angkatan bersenjata]] dari negara [[Filipina]]. Angkatan bersenjata Filipina terdiri dari [[Angkatan Darat Filipina|Angkatan Darat]], [[Angkatan Laut Filipina|Angkatan Laut]], [[Angkatan Udara Filipina|Angkatan Udara]] dan [[Korps Marinir Filipina|Korps Marinir]].
==Sejarah=
=== Perang Filipina-Amerika ===
Pada tahun 1901, Amerika Serikat membentuk "Philippine Constabulary" dengan tujuan untuk membantu memerangi sisa-sisa pasukan revolusi, dan setelah perang, kelompok ini menjadi pasukan pertahanan negeri yand terdiri, sejak semula, orang Amerika dan Filipina.<!-- AFP secara resmi diorganisir dalam zaman "American Commonwealth" melalui "National Defense Act" tahun 1935. The new Philippine Army was initially organized from among former holders of Reserve Commissions in the United States Army, from among former officers of the [[Philippine Scouts]] and Constabulary, and others—forces involved in the defeat of the revolutionary forces which Ricarte led. Ricarte was the only revolutionary general who refused to take the oath of allegiance to the U.S. and that he lived in exile in Hong Kong and later in Japan. Ricarte was one of the leaders of an organization termed "MAKAPILIS", called ''Makabayan: Katipunan ng mga Pilipino'', and characterized as having been a "fanatical pro-Japanese organization" during the Second World War Japanese occupation.
-->
===Philippine Commonwealth, Perang Dingin dan zaman sekarang ===
Pada zaman "Philippine Commonwealth", [[Manuel L. Quezon]], presiden pertama Commonwealth, mengganti nama ''Philippine Army'' menjadi ''Armed Forces of the Philippines'' pada tanggal 21 Desember 1935, sesuai dengan "National Defense Act" tahun 1935 (sehingga 21 Desember setiap tahun diperingati sebagai "hari AFP" atau "''AFP Day''") dan meminta Jenderal [[Douglas MacArthur]] sebagai panglima pertama setelah Filipina mendapat kemerdekaan dari [[Amerika Serikat]]. MacArthur menerima permintaan itu dan menjadi satu-satunya orang asing yang memiliki jabatan dalam AFP. MacArthur berpangkat "Field Marshal", yang selanjutnya tidak dijabat siapapun dalam AFP. Menurut undang-undang, AFP, di bawah Departemen Pertahanan Nasional, hanya terdiri dari Angkatan Darat yang revitalisasi, dengan Angkatan Laut dan Angkatan Udara melapor langsung ke markas besar Angkatan Darat, serta "Philippine Constabulary" ('''PC'''), menjadi suatu divisi sendiri dalam Angkatan Darat. Setelah 3 tahun, pada tahun 1938 PC kembali menjadi cabang dari Angkatan Udara. MacArthur mengembangkan AFP dengan membangkitkan lagi Angkatan Laut pada tahun 1940 dan membentuk Angkatan Udara ("Philippine Army Air Corps" dulunya "Philippine Constabulary Air Corps"), tetapi mereka tidak siap perang pada awal [[Perang Pasifik]] pada bulan Desember 1941, sehingga tidak berhasil menahan invasi Jepang pada tahun 1941–1942 ke [[Filipina]].
Selama [[Perang Dunia II]], semua tentara militer Filipina digabungkan ke dalam "Angkatan Perang Amerika Serikat Timur Jauh" ("''U.S. Army Forces Far East''" atau '''USAFFE''', di mana MacArthur ditunjuk menjadi komandan. USAFFE bertahan terakhir di di pulau Corregidor, sebelum akhirnya tentara Jepang berhasil memaksa sisa tentara Filipina dan Amerika menyerah. Mereka yang selamat dan lolos dari tangkapan Jepang meneruskan perang gerilya di seluruh kepulauan. Setelah Jepang menyerah kalah dalam Perang Dunia II, Filipina mendapatkan kemerdekaan pada tahun 1946 (yang kedua, karena orang Filipina mengakui deklarasi kemerdekaan Aguinaldo pada tahun 1898 sebagai tahun kemerdekaan yang asli). Pada tahun 1947 AFP yang sekarang bangkit dengan peningkatan PAAC menjadi "Philippine Air Force" sampai kini.
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During the [[Korean War]] from 1951 to 1953, the Philippines sent various AFP battalions, known as the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) to fight as part of the US-led United Nations forces in liberating [[South Korea]] from the invading North Korean troops, reinforced then by various units of the Communist Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]]. At the same time the armed forces, including the established Marine company under the PN, fought against Communist elements of the [[Hukbalahap]] (by then the Bagong Hukbong Bayan, the Philippine counterpart of the PLA) in Central Luzon, two Southern Tagalog provinces and several Visayan provinces, with great successes.
And in 1966, an AFP battalion was also sent into [[South Vietnam]] during the [[Vietnam War]] to ameliorate the economic and social conditions of its people there. AFP units were also sent in the same time to the [[Spratly Islands]].
1963 would see the first women join the ranks of the armed forces with the raising of the Women's Auxiliary Corps.
Upon the declaration of [[Martial Law in the Philippines|Martial Law]] in 1972, then-President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] used the AFP, through the regime's secret police force, the National Intelligence and Security Authority to arrest, torture or kill his political opponents. Marcos politicized the officer corps with officers from his home province of [[Ilocos Norte]] being promoted to higher rank and given top command positions in order to further consolidate his control over the military. Therefore, the military had gained a bad reputation and in effect, served as Marcos' private army. The promotion system was based only on the loyalty to the President and the national government.
However, Marcos did good things for the AFP by instituting series of self-reliance programs for it to enable to construct its weapons, warplanes, tanks, ships and planes locally aside from buying from foreign sources. Missile
program known as "Sta. Barbara project" was initiated by the AFP and soon it has its own missiles to meet an
external threat and the AFP itself was undergoing an expansion program too.
In 1981, when Marcos' trusted military officer, General [[Fabian Ver]] became the AFP chief of staff, favoritism was attached to the military organization due to the fact that the general only placed his favorites in most sensitive positions, to the dismay of the qualified officers. Ver and Marcos also extended the tour of duty of those military officers who shall have been effectively retired, to the dismay also of the younger officers. Thus, discontent in the AFP ensued.
The AFP also at that time, waged a military campaign against the secessionist [[Moro National Liberation Front]] in the island of [[Mindanao]] and [[New People's Army]] units under the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] nationwide, growing to a 200,000 strong force.
In 1986, a faction of AFP headed by then Defense Minister [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] and AFP vice-chief of staff Lt. General [[Fidel V. Ramos]] took a stand against Marcos, ushering in the bloodless [[People Power Revolution]] that removed Marcos from power and installed [[Corazon Aquino]] as the new president of the Philippines.
During Aquino's term, most of the military units remained loyal to her as she dealt with various coup attempts against her by other military factions that remained loyal to the former dictator and those military officers who helped her to assume power. The 1989 coup attempt, the bloodiest of all coup attempts against her was crushed with US help. The AFP, during her term also launched a massive campaign against the CPP-NPA after a brief hiatus and also against the MNLF in the south.
In 1991, the major services of the AFP was reduced from four to three, when the [[Philippine Constabulary]] or PC, an AFP major service tasked to enforce the law and to curb criminality was formally merged with the country's
[[Integrated National Police]], a national police force on the cities and municipalities in the country attached to the PC to become the [[Philippine National Police]], thus removing it from AFP control and it was civilianized by a law passed by Congress, therefore becoming under the Department of the Interior and Local Government as a result.
In 2000, then President [[Joseph Estrada]] ordered the AFP to launch an "all-out war" against the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], a breakaway group of the MNLF that wants to proclaim Mindanao an independent state.
One year later, due to the political crisis the Philippines faced, Estrada was removed from power in the two-day [[Edsa Dos]] People Power revolt, in which the AFP played a key role. The revolution installed then Vice-President [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] into the presidency.
At the height of the [[Cold War]], the Philippines was one of the most well-equipped militaries in Asia, because of a tight diplomatic-relationship with the [[United States]] in battling the threat of [[Communism]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Since 2001, the Philippine armed forces has been active in supporting the [[War on terror]].
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==Organisasi dan cabang-cabang ==
[[:en:Constitution of the Philippines|Konstitusi Filipina 1987]] menempatkan AFP di bawah kendali seorang sipil, [[Presiden Filipina]], yang bertindak sebagai "Commander-in-Chief" (Panglima tertinggi). Semua cabangnya adalah bagian dari [[:en:Department of National Defense (Philippines)|''Department of National Defense'' (Departmen Pertahanan Nasional)]], yang dipimpin oleh "Secretary of National Defense" (Menteri Pertahanan Nasional).
AFP mempunyai tiga bagian utama:<ref>[http://www.afp.mil.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=472 AFP Organization], [AFP website].</ref>
* "Philippine Army" (PA) – ''Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas'' (Angkatan Darat Filipina)
* "Philippine Navy" (PN) – ''Hukbong Pandagat ng Pilipinas'' (Angkatan Laut Filipina)
* "Philippine Air Force" (PAF) – ''Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas'' (Angkatan Udara Filipina)
Tiga bagian ini disatukan di bawah [[:en:List of AFP Chiefs of Staff|"Chief of Staff"]] yang biasanya berpangkat Jenderal (General) atau Admiral. Ia dibantu oleh seorang "Vice Chief of Staff" (Wakil), yang biasanya berpangkat "''Lieutenant General''" (Letnan Jenderal) atau "Vice Admiral". Setiap tiga cabang itu dipimpin oleh seorang perwira dengan gelar dan pangkat berikut:
* "Commanding General of the Philippine Army" (Lieutenant General) untuk Angkatan Darat
* "Flag Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy" (Vice Admiral) untuk Angkatan Laut
* "Commanding General of the Philippine Air Force" (Lieutenant General) untuk Angkatan Udara
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===Former branches===
The [[Philippine Constabulary]] (PC) was a [[gendarmerie]] type para-military police force of the Philippines established in 1901 by the United States-appointed administrative authority, replacing the [[Guardia Civil]] of the Spanish regime. On December 13, 1990, Republic Act No. 6975 was approved, organizing the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) consisting of the members of the [[Integrated National Police]] (INP) and the officers and enlisted personnel of the PC. Upon the effectivity of that Act, the PC ceased to be a major service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the INP ceased to be the national police and civil defense force.<ref>[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6975.html Republic Act No. 6975] (approved December 13, 1990), Chan Robles Law Library.</ref> On January 29, 1991, the PC and the INP were formally retired and the PNP was activated in their place.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120614131721/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/240708/philippine-national-police-19th-anniversary Philippine National Police 19th Anniversary] (January 28, 2010), Manila Bulletin (archived ffrom [http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/240708/philippine-national-police-19th-anniversary the original]{{dead link|date=October 2014}} on 2012-06-14).</ref>
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=== Komando Bersatu===
Unit-unit dari tiga cabang ini dapat ditugaskan menjadi kesatuan berbentuk "Unified Command" (Komando Bersatu), yang bersifat entiti regional multi-service:<ref name="afporg">{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080419074817/http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archivedate=2008-04-19 |title=AFP Organization |accessdate=2008-02-03 |work= }}</ref>
* [[:en:AFP Northern Luzon Command|Northern Luzon Command (NOLCOM)]]
* [[:en:AFP Southern Luzon Command|Southern Luzon Command (SOLCOM)]]
* [[:en:AFP Central Command|Central Command (CENTCOM)]]
* [[:en:AFP Western Command|Western Command (WESCOM)]]
* [[:en:AFP Eastern Mindanao Command|Eastern Mindanao Command (EASTMINCOM)]]
* [[:en:AFP Western Mindanao Command|Western Mindanao Command (WESTMINCOM)]]
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===Former Unified & Wide Support Commands===
* [[AFP NCR Command|National Capital Region Command (NCRCOM)]]
* National Development Support Command (NADESCOM)
* Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)
* [[AFP NCR Command|National Capital Region Defense Command (NCRDC)]]
* Central Luzon Command (CELCOM)
* [[Home Defense Command|Home Defense Command (HDC)]]
===AFP-wide support and affiliate units===
Several service-wide support services and separate units report directly to the AFP General Headquarters (AFP GHQ), these include:
* [[AFP General Headquarters & Headquarters Service Command|General Headquarters and Headquarters Service Command (GHQ & HSC)]] (acts since 1990 as the fourth Major Service Command representing the support, technical and independent services of the Armed Forces)
* Technical and Administrative Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (TASAFP)
* [[Presidential Security Group|Presidential Security Group (PSG)]]
* [[Philippine Military Academy|Philippine Military Academy (PMA)]]
* [[Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College|Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College (AFPCGSC)]]
* [[Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command|Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM)]]
* Intelligence Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP)
* [[Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center]] (AFPMC)
* [[Armed Forces of the Philippines Commissary and Exchange Service]] (AFPCES)
* [[AFP Communications, Electronics and Information Systems Service|Communications, Electronics and Information System Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (CEISSAFP)]]
* Civil Relations Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (CRSAFP)
* Armed Forces of the Philippines, Dental Service Center (AFPDSC)
* [[National Defense College of the Philippines]] (NDCP)
* [[AFP Joint Special Operations Group|Armed Forces of the Philippines - Joint Special Operations Group (AFP-JSOG)]]
* [[AFP Peacekeeping Operations Center]] (AFP-PKOC)
* [[AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region]] (AFP JTF-NCR) - Replaced the deactivated NCR Command
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==Kepemimpinan AFP ==
=== Perwira Kehormatan (''Ceremonial Officer'') ===
*[[:en:President of the Philippines|Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]] - Presiden [[Benigno S. Aquino III]]
*[[:en:Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] - Secretary [[:en:Voltaire Gazmin|Voltaire T. Gazmin]]
=== Pemimpin Markas Besar (''AFP General Headquarters (AFPGHQ) Leadership'') ===
* [[:en:List of AFP Chiefs of Staff|Chief of Staff Armed Forces of the Philippines (CSAFP)]] - Gen. [[Gregorio Pio Catapang|Gregorio Pio P. Catapang Jr.]], AFP
* Vice Chief of Staff Armed Forces of the Philippines (VCSAFP) - Lt. Gen. John S. Bonafos, AFP
* The Deputy Chief of Staff Armed Forces of the Philippines (TDCSAFP) - Lt. Gen. Virgilio Domingo, AFP
* Sergeant Major of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (SMAFP) - FCMS Guillermo C. Francisco, PA
* Philippine Society Of Mechanical Engineers Soldiers (ARESCOM) - Master Sergeant. Enrico D, Limlengco Jr
===Major Services Commanding Officer===
*[[Commanding General of the Philippine Army]] (CG-PA) - Lt. Gen. Hernando Delfin C. A. Iriberri, AFP
*Flag Officer-in-Command of the Philippine Navy (FOIC-PN) - Vice Adm. Jesus C. Millan, AFP
*Commanding General of the Philippine Air Force (CG-PAF) - Lt. Gen. Jeffrey F. Delgado, AFP
== Pangkat militer ==
[[File:Airmen with the 6th SOS train Philippine airmen to use a rope ladder.jpg|thumb|Prajurit angkatan udara dari "Philippine Air Force" dengan unit [[:en:6 SOS|6th SOS]] [[USAF]] dalam rangka latihan militer bilateral]]
Pangkat perwira dalam militer Filipina biasanya dipanggil dalam [[bahasa Filipina]] (Filipino), dan merupakan adaptasi pangkat militer dari Angkatan Perang Amerika Serikat. Kepangkatan perwira adalah sebagai berikut:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120701065232/http://www.army.mil.ph/About_the_army/army/history/Ranks_and_Insignias.html Shoulder Ranks (Officers)], The Philippine Army.(archived from [http://www.army.mil.ph/About_the_army/army/history/Ranks_and_Insignias.html the original]{{dead link|date=October 2014}} on 2012-07-01)</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/philippines/rank.htm Philippine Military Rank Insignia], Globalsecurity.org.</ref>
* ''Himagat'' (Second Lieutenant/2LT)
* ''Pulimagat'' (First Lieutenant/1LT)
* ''Kamagat'' (Captain/CPT)
* ''Magat'' (Major/MAJ),
* ''Kalakan'' (Lieutenant Colonel/LTCOL)
* ''Lakan'' (Colonel/COL)
* ''Brigadyer'' Heneral (Brigadier General/BGEN)
* ''Magat Heneral'' (Major General/MGEN)
* ''Tenyente Heneral'' (Lieutenant General/LTGEN)
* ''Heneral'' (General/GEN)
Pangkat ini secara resmi digunakan pada Philippine Army, Air Force dan Marine Corps. Pelafalan pangkat ini sebenarnya adalah campuran ambilan dari bahasa Spanyol dan Inggris, kecuali kata-kata "pangalawang" dan "unang" yang berasal dari pelafalan asli [[bahasa Tagalog]].
Philippine Navy menggunakan pelafalan Filipino bagi pangkat perwira, sama dengan bahasa Inggris, karena diambil dari pangkat angkatan laut Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya. Ada juga pangkat (dalam tanda kurung) yang dapat diterjemahkan dan secara resmi dilafalkan dalam Filipino, sebagai berikut
* ''Ensign'' ([[Ensign]] (ENS))
* ''Tenyenteng Mabababa ang Baitang'' ([[Lieutenant (junior grade)]]/LTJG)
* ''Tenyente'' or ''Tenyenteng Mataas ang Baitang'' ([[Lieutenant]] atau Lieutenant Senior Grade/LT or LTSG)- pangkat terakhir ini unik pada Philippine Navy, sehingga disebut lengkap, bukan hanya "Lieutenant".
* ''Tenyente Kumander'' ([[Lieutenant Commander]]/LCDR)
* ''Kumander'' ([[Commander]]/CDR)
* ''Kapitan'' (Captain/CAPT)
* ''Komodor'' ([[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]/COMMO) - Pangkat "Commodore" bukan [[:en:Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral (lower half)]] digunakan pada Philippine Navy
* ''Rir Admiral'' ([[Rear Admiral]]/RADM)
* ''Bise Admiral'' ([[Vice Admiral]]/VADM)
* ''Admiral'' ([[Admiral]]/ADM)
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The alternative style of address for the ranks of Lieutenant Junior Grade and Lieutenant Senior Grade in Filipino is simply ''tenyente'' derived from the Spanish ''Teniente'' because it is too redundant if one addresses them fully in Filipino. It is also the same as Second and First Lieutenants in the Army, Air Force and Marine Corps.
[[File:PMC Martial Arts.JPG|thumb|A [[Philippine Marine Corps]] instructor teaches US Marines "[[Pekiti-Tirsia Kali]]", a Philippine martial art during military exercises]]
The ranks of enlisted personnel in Filipino are just the same as their U.S. counterparts but, they never use the ranks of "Specialist", "Sergeant First Class", "First Sergeant" (for Philippine Army and Air Force except Marine Corps), "Lance Corporal", "Gunnery Sergeant" and "Master Gunnery Sergeant" in the Philippine Army and Marine Corps. They simply start to address their ranks from Private Second Class up to Sergeant Major. Sergeant Majors in the AFP are only appointments for senior ranked NCOs rather than ranks, examples of such appointment being the Command Sergeant Major, AFP (held by a First Chief Master Sergeant or a First Master Chief Petty Officer) and the [[Command Master Chief Petty Officer]], Philippine Navy (held by an either MCPO or CMS or a SCPO or SMS).
In the Philippine Air Force, they also use Airman Second Class up to Chief Master Sergeant, the same as in its U.S. counterparts. (The PAF ranks of Senior Master Sergeant and Chief Master Sergeant are also now used as enlisted ranks in the Army and Marine Corps.)
In the Philippine Navy, they also use enlisted ranks which come from the U.S. Navy with their specialization, e.g. "Master Chief and Boatswain's mate Juan Dela Cruz, PN" (Philippine Navy).
In effect the AFP uses the pre-1950s US armed forces enlisted ranks, with several minor changes, especially in the Navy.
The alternative style to address the non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel in Filipino are as follows
* from Privates up to Privates First Class, ''pribeyt'' or ''mga pribeyt'' for a group of privates, adopted from the English language.
* ''Kabo'' for corporals which is adopted from the word "cabo" in Spanish, but the most common is ''korporal'' (except air force they use airman or airmen and airwoman or airwomen from Airman up to Senior Airman).
* ''Sarhento'' for sergeants in the Army, Air Force and Marine Corps which is also adopted from the word "sargento" from the Spanish language.
In the Navy, the original Filipino alternative style for Seaman or Seawoman Apprentice up to Seaman or Seawoman First Class is ''mandaragat'' or ''mga mandaragat'' for a group of seamen and seawomen. For petty officers, they are called P.O.'s and ''tsip'' for Chief (Petty) Officers up to (First) Master Chief (Petty) Officers. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
There are no warrant officers in between officer ranks and enlisted ranks.
The uniqueness of Philippine military ranks can be seen in the new ranks of [[First Chief Master Sergeant]] (for the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force) and [[First Master Chief Petty Officer]] (for the Navy) both created in 2004, and since then has become the highest enlisted rank of precedence. Formerly Chief Master Sergeant and Master Chief Petty Officer were the highest enlisted ranks and rates, the former being the highest rank of precedence for Army, Air Force and Marine NCOs. Today only the rank of First Master Chief Petty Officer is unused yet but the rank of First Chief Master Sergeant is now being applied.
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===Jenderal/Admiral Berbintang Lima ===
Presiden [[Ferdinand Marcos]], yang juga menjabat sebagai "national defense secretary" (dari tahun 1965–1967 dan 1971–1972), mengeluarkan perintah memberikan pangkat jenderal/admiral berbintang lima kepada [[Presiden Filipina]], menjadikan dirinya pemegang pangkat pertama. Sejak itu pangkat ini menjadi pangkat kehormatan bagi panglima tertinggi (''commander-in-chief of the armed forces"") bilamana seorang presiden baru menjabat selama periode 6 tahun, sehingga Presiden menjadi perwira militer paling senior.<ref>{{Wayback |date=20080804093918 |url=http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_marcos.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070807064533/http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_marcos.asp|archivedate=2007-08-07 |title=Ferdinand E. Marcos}}, Malacañang Museum.</ref>
Satu-satunya perwira militer yang mencapai pangkat jenderal/admiral bintang lima adalah Presiden [[Fidel V. Ramos]] (USMA 1950) (presiden pada tahun 1992–1998) yang mulai dari pangkat ''second lieutenant'' (letnan dua) terus naik setiap pangkat akhirnya menjadi panglima tertinggi (''commander-in-chief of the armed forces'').<ref>{{Wayback |date=20080430170805 |url=http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_ramos.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071006010642/http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_ramos.asp|archivedaate=2007-10-06 |title=Fidel V. Ramos}}, Malacañang Museum.</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2010}}
==Referensi==
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