Kritik teks (Alkitab)
Kritik teks adalah salah satu metode penafsiran Alkitab yang mempelajari teks yang ada secara terperinci untuk memahami makna yang terkandung di dalamnya.
Ketika seseorang mencoba mempelajari suatu teks Alkitab dari beberapa terjemahan yang berbeda, tidak jarang ia menemukan bagian yang berbeda antara dua terjemahan. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena beberapa macam hal, antara lain:[1]
- Perbedaan sumber asal.
- Perbedaan interpretasi pada saat menerjemahkan.
- Kesalahan yang tidak disengaja pada saat menerjemahkan atau menyalin ulang sebuah teks.
Sarjana kritik teks Alkitab terkemuka
- William Albright (1891–1971): profesor pada Johns Hopkins University dan pendiri "American biblical archaeology"
- Jean Astruc (1684–1776): kritikus Alkitab mula-mula asal Perancis, yang mengadaptasi kritik sumber pada studi kitab Kejadian dan berpendapat bahwa Musa adalah penyusun seluruh Taurat.
- D. A. Carson (1946–): sarjana Perjanjian Baru asal Kanada; pendiri Koalisi Teologi.
- Bart D. Ehrman (1955–): profesor University of North Carolina ho has examined issues of textual corruption and authorship in New Testament and Early Christian texts
- Bruce Metzger (1914–2007): ahli Alkitab yang dijuluki "the dean of New Testament textual criticism" ("dekan kritik teks Perjanjian Baru") dan menulis buku definitif, The Text of the New Testament ("Teks Perjanjian Baru", Oxford University Press, 1964)
- Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965): German theologian who was a pioneer in the quest for the historical Jesus
- Thomas Paine (1737–1809): Filsuf Amerika Serikat. Pengarang "The Age of Reason". Mendokumentasi berbagai diskrepansi Alkitab, menerapkan logika bahwa kitab itu ditulis oleh manusia biasa, bukan ilham ilahi.
- Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826): Presiden Amerika Serikat. Pengarang "Jefferson Bible", sebuah rekonstruksi Perjanjian Baru yang menghilangkan rujukan bersifat mujizat.
- Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677): filsuf Belanda, yang mengumpulkan diskrepansi, kontradiksi dan anakronisme dari Taurat dan berpendapat bahwa Taurat tidak dapat ditulis oleh Musa.
- Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789): leading French/German encyclopedist, published anonymously in Amsterdam in 1769 "Ecce Homo: The History of Jesus of Nazareth, a Critical Inquiry", the first Life of Jesus describing him as a mere historical man. Translated into English by George Houston and published by him in Edinburgh, 1799, London, 1813, (for which "blasphemy" Houston was condemned to two years in prison), and New York, 1827
- David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874): German critic who published influential work on the historical origins of Christian beliefs, most notably in his Das Leben Jesu
- Daniel Wallace kritikus Alkitab yang mengumpulkan foto semua naskah kuno Alkitab, terutama bagian Perjanjian Baru
- Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918): kritikus Jerman yang mempopulerkan hipotesis dokumenter dari 4 sumber
- R. N. Whybray (1923–1997): penyanggah asumsi "kritik sumber" yang mendasari hipotesis dokumen.
- N. T. Wright (1948-): uskup emiritus Anglikan dan profesor "New Testament and Early Christianity" pada University of St. Andrews, Wright dikenal karena New Perspective on Paul dan karyanya berupa serial Christian Origins and the Question of God.[2][3]
Lihat pula
Referensi
Pustaka tambahan
- Barton, John (1984). "Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study, Philadelphia, Westminster, ISBN 0-664-25724-0".
- Barenboim Peter, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers, Moscow : Letny Sad, 2005, ISBN 5-94381-123-0, http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578
- Birch, Bruce C., Walter Brueggemann, Terence E. Fretheim, and David L. Petersen (1999). A Theological Introduction to the Old Testament, ISBN 0-687-01348-8.
- Coggins, R. J., and J. L. Houlden, eds. (1990). Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation. London: SCM Press; Philadelphia: Trinity Press International. ISBN 0-334-00294-X.
- Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-073817-0.
- Fuller, Reginald H. (1965). The Foundations of New Testament Christology. Scribners. ISBN 0-684-15532-X.
- Goldingay, John (1990). "Approaches to Old Testament Interpretation. Rev. ed. Downers Grove, IL, InterVarsity, ISBN 1-894667-18-2".
- Hayes, John H., and Carl R. Holladay (1987). "Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner's Handbook, Rev. ed. Atlanta, GA, John Knox, ISBN 0-8042-0031-9".
- McKenzie, Steven L., and Stephen R. Haynes, eds. (1993). "To Each Its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Applications, Louisville, KY, Westminster/John Knox, ISBN 0-664-25784-4".
- Levenson, Jon D. The Hebrew Bible, The Old Testament, and Historical Criticism: Jews and Christians in Biblical Studies, 1993, Westminister/John Knox Press, ISBN 0-664-25407-1
- Rogerson, John (1984). Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century. ISBN 978-0-8006-0737-1.
- Morgan, Robert, and John Barton (1988). "Biblical Interpretation, New York, Oxford University, ISBN 0-19-213257-1".
- Soulen, Richard N. (1981). "Handbook of Biblical Criticism, 2nd ed. Atlanta, Ga, John Knox, ISBN 0-664-22314-1".
- Stuart, Douglas (1984). "Old Testament Exegesis: A Primer for Students and Pastors, 2nd ed., Philadelphia, Westminster, ISBN 0-664-24320-7".
- Shinan, Avigdor, and Yair Zakovitch (2004). That's Not What the Good Book Says, Miskal-Yediot Ahronot Books and Chemed Books, Tel-Aviv
Pranala luar
- David J. A. Clines, "Possibilities and Priorities of Biblical Interpretation in an International Perspective", in On the Way to the Postmodern: Old Testament Essays 1967–1998, Volume 1 (JSOTSup, 292; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998), pp. 46–68 See Section 6, Future Trends in Biblical Interpretation, overview of some current trends in biblical criticism.
- Philip Davies, review of John J. Collins, "The Bible after Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age", 2005 Reviews a survey of postmodernist biblical criticism.
- Allen P. Ross (Beeson Divinity School, Samford University), "The Study of Textual Criticism" Guide to the methodology of textual criticism.
- Yair Hoffman, review of Marvin A. Sweeney and Ehud Ben Zvi (eds.), The Changing Face of Form-Criticism for the Twenty-First Century, 2003 Discusses contemporary form criticism.
- Exploring Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Internet Introduction to biblical criticism
- Library of latest modern books of biblical studies and biblical criticism