Received Pronunciation

Received Pronunciation (arti harfiah: 'pengucapan umum') sering disingkat sebagai RP dianggap sebagai aksen baku bahasa Inggris Britania. RP memiliki hubungan dengan aksen-aksen regional yang mirip dengan hubungan antar aksen standar dan aksen regional di bahasa-bahasa Eropa lainnya.^[1] Dalam Concise Oxford English Dictionary, RP didefinisikan sebagai "aksen standar bahasa Inggris yang dituturkan di Inggris Selatan",^[2] namun saat ini sudah tersebar di seluruh Inggris dan Wales.^[3]^[4] Peter Trudgill memperkirakan pada tahun 1974 bahwa 3% penduduk Britania adalah penutur aksen RP.^[5]

Meski tidak adanya unsur intrinsik dalam RP membuat RP lebih superior ketimbang variasi aksen lain, sejumlah faktor sosiolinguistik membuat RP terdengar lebih prestisius di beberapa daerah di Britania.^[6] RP dianggap sebagai aksen orang-orang yang memiliki kekuasaan, harta, dan pengaruh, tetapi belakangan ini RP dipandang negatif dan dikaitkan dengan hak-hak yang tidak pantas dimiliki penuturnya.^[7]^[8] Sejak 1960-an, sikap pembiaran terhadap aksen regional bahasa Inggris masih bertahan di dunia pendidikan^[9] dan media di Britania.

Penting sekali untuk membedakan Received Pronunciation – 'aksen' standar – dengan variasi aksen standar bahasa Inggris di Inggris yang biasanya dijuluki "Standard English", "the Queen's English", "Oxford English", atau "BBC English". Studi RP lebih mempelajari pengucapannya, sedangkan studi bahasa standar ikut mempelajari tata bahasa, kosakata, dan gaya bahasa. Seseorang yang beraksen RP biasanya menggunakan bahasa Inggris Standar, tetapi tidak sebaliknya (e.g. bahasa standar dapat diucapkan dengan aksen regional seperti aksen Skotlandia atau Yorkshire; namun aksen RP tidak bisa dipakai oleh seseorang yang bisa berbahasa Skot atau dialek Yorkshire).

Penutur terkenal

John C. Wells, ahli fonetik Britania Raya, telah mengidentifikasi orang-orang berikut sebagai penutur RP:

Keluarga Kerajaan Britania Raya^[10]^[11]
David Cameron, mantan Perdana Menteri Britania Raya^[12]
Boris Johnson, Menteri Luar Negeri Britania Raya^[13]
Rowan Williams, mantan Uskup Agung Canterbury^[10]
David Attenborough, penyiar dan naturalis^[14]
Rupert Everett, aktor^[13]
Chris Huhne, mantan Menteri Energi dan Perubahan Iklim.^[15]
Justin Welby, Uskup Agung Canterbury^[10]

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

^ McDavid (1965), hlm. 255.
^ Pearsall (1999), hlm. xiv.
^ Jack Windsor Lewis (15 July 2008). "General British Pronunciation". Yek.me.uk – PhonetiBlog.
^ Wells (2008), hlm. xiv.
^ Trudgill, Peter (8 December 2000). "Sociolinguistics of Modern RP". University College London. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2012.
^ Hudson (1981), hlm. 337.
^ Crystal, David (March 2007). "Language and Time". BBC voices. BBC. Diakses tanggal 18 April 2011.
^ McArthur (2002), hlm. 43.
^ Fishman (1977), hlm. 319.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wells, John (3 May 2011). "the evidence of the vows". John Wells's phonetic blog.
^ Wells, John (11 July 2007). "Any young U-RP speakers?".
^ Wells, John (8 April 2010). "EE, yet again". John Wells's phonetic blog.
^ ^a ^b Wells, John (12 June 2008). "RP back in fashion?".
^ Wells, John (8 November 2010). "David Attenborough". John Wells's phonetic blog.
^ Wells, John (21 October 2011). "Longannet". John Wells's phonetic blog.

Daftar pustaka

International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521637510
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2013) [2003], Practical phonetics and phonology: a resource book for students, Oxford: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415506496
Cruttenden, Alan, ed. (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (edisi ke-7th), Hodder
Crystal, David (2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (edisi ke-2), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-53033-4
Crystal, David (2005), The Stories of English, Penguin
DuPonceau, Peter S. (1818), "English phonology; or, An essay towards an analysis and description of the component sounds of the English language.", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1, hlm. 259–264
Ellis, Alexander J. (1869), On early English pronunciation, New York, (1968): Greenwood Press
Elmes, Simon (2005), Talking for Britain: A journey through the voices of our nation, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-051562-3
Fishman, Joshua (1977), ""Standard" versus "Dialect" in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context", The Modern Language Journal, 61 (7): 315–325, doi:10.2307/324550, JSTOR 324550
Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold
Gimson, Alfred C. (1980), Pronunciation of English (edisi ke-3rd)
Gupta, Anthea Fraser (2005), "Baths and becks", English Today, 21 (1): 21–27, doi:10.1017/S0266078405001069, ISSN 0266-0784
Halle, Morris; Mohanan, K. P. (1985), "Segmental Phonology of Modern English", Linguistic Inquiry, The MIT Press, 16 (1): 57–116, JSTOR 4178420
Hudson, Richard (1981), "Some Issues on Which Linguists Can Agree", Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 333–343, doi:10.1017/S0022226700007052
Jenkins, Jennifer (2000), The Phonology of English as an International Language, Oxford
Jones, Daniel (1917), English Pronouncing Dictionary (edisi ke-1st), London: Dent
Jones, Daniel (1926), English Pronouncing Dictionary (edisi ke-2nd)
Jones, Daniel (1967), An Outline of English Phonetics (edisi ke-9th), Heffer
Jones, Daniel (2011), Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, ed., Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (edisi ke-18), Cambridge University Press
de Jong, Gea; McDougall, Kirsty; Hudson, Toby; Nolan, Francis (2007), "The speaker discriminating power of sounds undergoing historical change: A formant-based study", the Proceedings of ICPhS Saarbrücken, hlm. 1813–1816
Ladefoged, Peter (2004), Vowels and Consonants, Thomson
Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum
McArthur, Tom (2002), The Oxford Guide to World English, Oxford University Press
McDavid, Raven I. (1965), "American Social Dialects", College English, 26 (4): 254–260, doi:10.2307/373636, JSTOR 373636
Mugglestone, Lynda (2003), 'Talking Proper': The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press
Newbrook, Mark (1999), "West Wirral: norms, self-reports and usage", dalam Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerald J., Urban Voices, hlm. 90–106
Pearsall, Judy, ed. (1999), The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (edisi ke-10th)
Petyt, K. M. (1985), Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Roach, Peter (2009), English Phonetics and Phonology (edisi ke-4th), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-40718-4
Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
Rogaliński, Paweł (2011), British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English, Łódź, ISBN 978-83-272-3282-3
Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 321–328, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131
Shockey, Linda (2003), Sound Patterns of Spoken English, Blackwell
Trudgill, Peter (1999), The Dialects of England, Blackwell
Upton, Clive (2004), "Received Pronunciation", A Handbook of Varieties of English, Walter de Gruyter, hlm. 217–230
Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A.; Konopka, Rafal (2001), Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wells, John C. (1970), "Local accents in England and Wales", Journal of Linguistics, 6 (2): 231–252, doi:10.1017/S0022226700002632
Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29719-2
Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (edisi ke-3rd), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
Wiik, K. (1965), Finnish and English Vowels, B, 94, Annales Universitatis Turkensis
Wikström, Jussi (2013), "An acoustic study of the RP English LOT and THOUGHT vowels", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 37–47, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000345
Wise, Claude Merton (1957), Introduction to phonetics, Englewood Cliffs
Wright, Joseph (1905), English Dialect Grammar
Wyld, Henry C. K. (1927), A short history of English (edisi ke-3rd), London: Murray

Pranala luar

BBC page on Upper RP as spoken by the English upper-classes
Sounds Familiar? – Listen to examples of received pronunciation on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
'Hover & Hear' R.P., and compare it with other accents from the UK and around the World.
Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation? – An article by the phonetician J. C. Wells about received pronunciation

Komentar mengenai RP

Berkas suara

Templat:Dialek bahasa Inggris menurut benua

[FOOTNOTEMcDavid1965255-1] McDavid (1965), hlm. 255.

[FOOTNOTEPearsall1999xiv-2] Pearsall (1999), hlm. xiv.

[3] Jack Windsor Lewis (15 July 2008). "General British Pronunciation". Yek.me.uk – PhonetiBlog.

[FOOTNOTEWells2008xiv-4] Wells (2008), hlm. xiv.

[trudgillestimate-5] Trudgill, Peter (8 December 2000). "Sociolinguistics of Modern RP". University College London. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2012.

[FOOTNOTEHudson1981337-6] Hudson (1981), hlm. 337.

[7] Crystal, David (March 2007). "Language and Time". BBC voices. BBC. Diakses tanggal 18 April 2011.

[FOOTNOTEMcArthur200243-8] McArthur (2002), hlm. 43.

[FOOTNOTEFishman1977319-9] Fishman (1977), hlm. 319.

[Wells_2011-10] Wells, John (3 May 2011). "the evidence of the vows". John Wells's phonetic blog.

[11] Wells, John (11 July 2007). "Any young U-RP speakers?".

[12] Wells, John (8 April 2010). "EE, yet again". John Wells's phonetic blog.

[Wells_2008-13] Wells, John (12 June 2008). "RP back in fashion?".

[14] Wells, John (8 November 2010). "David Attenborough". John Wells's phonetic blog.

[15] Wells, John (21 October 2011). "Longannet". John Wells's phonetic blog.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]