Bahasa Khanty
Khanty (atau Hanti), juga dikenal sebagai Ostyak (/ˈɒstiæk/),[5] adalah Bahasa Uralik terpencil yang dituturkan oleh Suku Khanty. Itu adalah bahasa terpencil di Khanty–Mansi dan Yamalo-Nenets serta di distrik Aleksandrovsky dan Kargosoksky di Oblast Tomsk di Rusia. Menurut penelitian Salminen dan Janhunen 1994, ada 12.000 orang berbahasa Khanty di Rusia.
Bahasa Khanty memiliki banyak dialek. Kelompok barat mencakup dialek Obdorian, Ob, dan Irtysh. Kelompok timur mencakup dialek Surgut dan Vakh-Vasyugan, yang, pada gilirannya, dibagi lagi menjadi tiga belas dialek lainnya. Semua dialek ini berbeda secara signifikan satu sama lain dalam hal fonetik, morfologis, dan leksikal menonjolkan tiga "dialek" utama (utara, selatan dan timur) tidak dapat dipahami satu sama lain.[6] Jadi, berdasarkan perbedaan multifaktor yang signifikan, Khanty Timur, Utara, dan Selatan dapat dianggap sebagai bahasa yang terpisah tetapi terkait erat.
Alfabet
Alfabet Kiril (versi 2000) [butuh rujukan]
А а | Ӓ ӓ | Ӑ ӑ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е |
Ё ё | Ә ә | Ӛ ӛ | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
Қ қ (Ӄ ӄ) | Л л | Ԯ ԯ (Ԓ ԓ) | М м | Н н | Ң ң (Ӈ ӈ) | Н’ н’ | О о |
Ӧ ӧ (О̆ о̆) | Ө ө | Ӫ ӫ (Ө̆ ө̆) | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у |
Ӱ ӱ | Ў ў | Ф ф | Х х | Ҳ ҳ (Ӽ ӽ) | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ҷ ҷ |
Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Є є | Є̈ є̈ |
Ю ю | Ю̆ ю̆ | Я я | Я̆ я̆ |
Alfabet Kiri (versi 1958)
А а | Ӓ ӓ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
Ә ә | Ӛ ӛ | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ |
Л л | Л’ л’ | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | Ӧ ӧ | Ө ө |
Ӫ ӫ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф |
Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ч’ ч’ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Alfabet Latin (1931–1937)
A a | B в | D d | E e | Ә ә | F f | H н | Һ һ |
I i | J j | K k | L l | Ļ ļ | Ł ł | M m | N n |
Ņ ņ | Ŋ ŋ | O o | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | Ꞩ ꞩ |
T t | U u | V v | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | Ƅ ƅ |
Bahasa Sastra
Bahasa Khanty dituturkan terutama di Okrug Otonomi Khanty–Mansi di barat Siberia Khanty menjadi bahasa tertulis pertama kali dibuat setelah Revolusi Oktober berdasarkan Alfabet Latin pada tahun 1930 dan kemudian dengan Alfabet Kiril (dengan huruf tambahan ⟨ң⟩ untuk /ŋ/) dari tahun 1937.
Karya-karya Khanty biasanya ditulis dalam tiga dialek Utara, Kazym, Shuryshkar, dan Ob Tengah. Pelaporan dan penyiaran surat kabar biasanya dilakukan dalam dialek Kazymia.
Varietas
Khanty dibagi dalam tiga kelompok dialek utama, yang sebagian besar mutually unintelligible, dan karena itu dianggap paling baik dalam tiga bahasa: Utara, Selatan dan Timur. Dialek individu dinamai sesuai dengan sungai tempat mereka berbicara atau di mana mereka berbicara. Khanty Selatan mungkin sudah punah sekarang.[7][8]
Dialek Salym dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai transisi antara Timur dan Selatan (Honti: 1998 menunjukkan kedekatan yang lebih dekat dengan Timur, Abondolo: 1998 dalam karya yang sama dengan Selatan). Dialek Atlym dan Nizyam juga menunjukkan beberapa fitur Selatan.
Khanty Selatan dan Utara berbagi berbagai inovasi dan dapat dikelompokkan bersama sebagai Khanty Barat. Ini termasuk hilangnya vokal bulat depan penuh: *üü, *öö, *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *ii, *ee, *ää (tetapi *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *oo berdekatan dengan *k, *ŋ),[10] hilangnya harmoni vokal, friktivisasi *k ke /x/ berdekatan dengan vokal belakang,[11] dan hilangnya fonem *ɣ.[12]
Fonologi
Ciri umum dari semua varietas Khanty adalah bahwa meskipun vokal panjang tidak dibedakan, kontras antara vokal biasa (mis. /o/) vs. vokal tereduksi atau ekstra-pendek (mis. /ŏ/) ditemukan. Ini sesuai dengan perbedaan panjang sebenarnya dalam kerabat dekat Khanty Mansi. Menurut para cendekiawan yang mengajukan persamaan Ob-Ugric leluhur untuk keduanya, ini juga merupakan situasi Proto-Ob-Ugric yang asli.
Palatalisasi konsonan adalah fonemik di Khanty, seperti dalam kebanyakan bahasa Ural lainnya. Konsonan retrofleksi juga ditemukan di sebagian besar jenis Khanty.
Penekanan kata khanty biasanya pada suku kata awal.[13]
Proto-Khanty
Bilabial | Gigi | Palatal(ized) | Retroflex | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | Templat:UPA [m] |
Templat:UPA [n] |
Templat:UPA [nʲ] |
Templat:UPA [ɳ] |
Templat:UPA [ŋ] | |
Stop | Templat:UPA [p] |
Templat:UPA [t] |
Templat:UPA [k] | |||
Affricate | Templat:UPA [tsʲ] |
Templat:UPA [ʈʂ] |
||||
Fricative | central | Templat:UPA [s] |
Templat:UPA [ɣ] | |||
lateral | Templat:UPA [ɬ] |
|||||
Lateral | Templat:UPA [l] |
Templat:UPA [lʲ] |
Templat:UPA [ɭ] |
|||
Trill | Templat:UPA [r] |
|||||
Semivowel | Templat:UPA [w] |
Templat:UPA [j] |
19 konsonan direkonstruksi untuk Proto-Khanty, terdaftar dengan transkripsi UPA tradisional yang ditunjukkan di atas dan transkripsi IPA yang ditunjukkan di bawah.
Sebuah isoglos konsonan utama di antara varietas Khanty adalah refleksi dari konsonan lateral, *ɬ (dari Proto-Uralic *s dan *š) dan *l (dari Proto-Uralic *l dan *ð).[12] Ini umumnya bergabung, namun dengan hasil yang bervariasi: /l/ dalam dialek Obdorsk dan Timur Jauh, /ɬ/ dalam dialek Kazym dan Surgut, dan /t/ di tempat lain. Dialek Vasjugan masih mempertahankan kata pembeda-pada awalnya, setelah menggeser *ɬ > /j/ pada posisi ini. Demikian pula, palatalized lateral *ľ berkembang menjadi /lʲ/ di Timur Jauh dan Obdorsk, /ɬʲ/ di Kazym dan Surgut, dan /tʲ/ di tempat lain. Lateral retrofleksi *ḷ tetap berada di Timur Jauh, tetapi dalam dialek /t/-berkembang menjadi dataran baru /l/.
Isoglos dialek lainnya termasuk pengembangan *ć asli menjadi perhentian /tʲ/ di Khanty Timur dan Selatan, tetapi menjadi desibilan /sʲ ~ / di Utara, dan pengembangan asli *č mirip dengan desisan /ʂ/ (= UPA: Templat:UPA) di Khanty Utara, sebagian juga di Khanty Selatan.
Eastern Khanty
Far Eastern
The Vakh dialect is divergent. It has rigid vowel harmony and a tripartite (ergative–accusative) case system: The subject of a transitive verb takes the instrumental case suffix -nə-, while the object takes the accusative case suffix. The subject of an intransitive verb, however, is not marked for case and might be said to be absolutive. The transitive verb agrees with the subject, as in nominative–accusative systems.
Vakh has the richest vowel inventory, with four reduced vowels /ĕ ø̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/ and full /i y ɯ u e ø o æ ɑ/. Some researchers also report /œ ɔ/.[14]
Bilabial | Dental | Palatal/ized | Retroflex | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | m | n | nʲ | ɳ | ŋ |
Stops | p | t | tʲ | k | |
Affricate | ʈʂ | ||||
Fricatives | s | ɣ | |||
Lateral approximants | l | lʲ | ɭ | ||
Trill | r | ||||
Semivowels | w | j |
Surgut
Bilabial | Dental / Alveolar |
Palatal/ized | Post- alveolar |
Velar | Uvular | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪ | nʲ | ŋ | |||
Stop / Affricate | p | t̪ | tʲ ~ tɕ 1 | tʃ | k 2 | q 2 | |
Fricative | central | s | (ʃ) 3 | ʁ | |||
lateral | ɬ 4 | ɬʲ | |||||
Approximant | central | w | j | (ʁ̞ʷ) 5 | |||
lateral | l | ||||||
Trill | r |
Notes:
- /tʲ/ can be realized as an affricate [tɕ] in the Tremjugan and Agan sub-dialects.
- The velar/uvular contrast is predictable in inherited vocabulary: [q] appears before back vowels, [k] before front and central vowels. However, in loanwords from Russian, [k] may also be found before back vowels.
- The phonemic status of [ʃ] is not clear. It occurs in some words in variation with [s], in others in variation with [tʃ].
- In the Pim sub-dialect, /ɬ/ has recently shifted to /t/, a change that has spread from Southern Khanty.
- The labialized postvelar approximant [ʁ̞ʷ] occurs in the Tremjugan sub-dialect as an allophone of /w/ between back vowels, for some speakers also word-initially before back vowels. Research from the early 20th century also reported two other labialized phonemes: /kʷ~qʷ/ and /ŋʷ/, but these are no longer distinguished.
Northern Khanty
The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants.
Bilabial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | nʲ | ɳ | ŋ | ||
Plosive | p | t | k | ||||
Fricative | central | s | sʲ | ʂ | x | ||
lateral | ɬ | ɬʲ | |||||
Approximant | central | w | j | ||||
lateral | ɭ | ||||||
Trill | r |
The vowel inventory is much simplified. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: four full /e a ɒ o/ and four reduced /ĭ ă ŏ ŭ/. In unstressed syllables, four values are found: /ɑ ə ĕ ĭ/.[16]
A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full /e a ɒ u/ and reduced /ĭ ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/. Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of Mansi.[14]
The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels /i e æ ɑ o u/ and reduced vowels /æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/).[14] It however has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of the fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted Templat:UPA Templat:UPA to /s n/.
Grammar
The noun
The nominal suffixes include dual -ŋən, plural -(ə)t, dative -a, locative/instrumental -nə.
For example:
- xot "house" (cf. Finnish koti "home")
- xotŋəna "to the two houses"
- xotətnə "at the houses" (cf. Hungarian otthon, Finnish kotona "at home", an exceptional form using the old, locative meaning of the essive case ending -na).
Singular, dual, and plural possessive suffixes may be added to singular, dual, and plural nouns, in three persons, for 33 = 27 forms. A few, from məs "cow", are:
- məsem "my cow"
- məsemən "my 2 cows"
- məsew "my cows"
- məstatən "the 2 of our cows"
- məsŋətuw "our 2 cows"
Pronouns
The personal pronouns are, in the nominative case:
SG | DU | PL | |
1st person | ma | min | muŋ |
2nd person | naŋ | nən | naŋ |
3rd person | tuw | tən | təw |
The cases of ma are accusative manət and dative manəm.
The demonstrative pronouns and adjectives are:
- tamə "this", tomə "that", sit "that yonder": tam xot "this house".
Basic interrogative pronouns are:
- xoy "who?", muy "what?"
Numerals
Khanty numerals, compared with Hungarian and Finnish, are:
# | Khanty | Hungarian | Finnish |
1 | yit, yiy | egy | yksi |
2 | katn, kat | kettő, két | kaksi |
3 | xutəm | három | kolme |
4 | nyatə | négy | neljä |
5 | wet | öt | viisi |
6 | xut | hat | kuusi |
7 | tapət | hét | seitsemän |
8 | nəvət | nyolc | kahdeksan |
9 | yaryaŋ (short of ten?) | kilenc | yhdeksän |
10 | yaŋ | tíz | kymmenen |
20 | xus | húsz | kaksikymmentä |
30 | xutəmyaŋ (3 tens) | harminc | kolmekymmentä |
40 | nyatəyaŋ (4 tens) | negyven | neljäkymmentä |
100 | sot | száz | sata |
The formation of multiples of ten shows Slavic influence in Khanty, whereas Hungarian uses the collective derivative suffix -van (-ven) closely related to the suffix of the adverbial participle which is -va (-ve) today but used to be -ván (-vén). Note also the regularity of [xot]-[haːz] "house" and [sot]-[saːz] "hundred".
Syntax
Both Khanty and Mansi are basically nominative–accusative languages but have innovative morphological ergativity. In an ergative construction, the object is given the same case as the subject of an intransitive verb, and the locative is used for the agent of the transitive verb (as an instrumental) . This may be used with some specific verbs, for example "to give": the literal Anglicisation would be "by me (subject) a fish (object) gave to you (indirect object)" for the equivalent of the sentence "I gave you a fish". However, the ergative is only morphological (marked using a case) and not syntactic, so that, in addition, these may be passivized in a way resembling English. For example, in Mansi, "a dog (agent) bit you (object)" could be reformatted as "you (object) were bitten, by a dog (instrument)".
Khanty is an agglutinative language and employs an SOV order.[17]
Lexicon
The lexicon of the Khanty varieties is documented relatively well. The most extensive early source is Toivonen (1948), based on field records by K. F. Karjalainen from 1898 to 1901. An etymological interdialectal dictionary, covering all known material from pre-1940 sources, is Steinitz et al. (1966–1993).
Schiefer (1972)[18] summarizes the etymological sources of Khanty vocabulary, as per Steinitz et al., as follows:
Inherited | 30% | Uralic | 5% |
Finno-Ugric | 9% | ||
Ugric | 3% | ||
Ob-Ugric | 13% | ||
Borrowed | 28% | Komi | 7% |
Samoyedic (Selkup and Nenets) |
3% | ||
Tatar | 10% | ||
Russian | 8% | ||
unknown | 40% |
Futaky (1975)[19] additionally proposes a number of loanwords from the Tungusic languages, mainly Evenki.
Notes
- ^ a b Khanty di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
- ^ https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab4_VPN-2020.xlsx; sensus Rusia 2021.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Khantyic". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Bahasa Khanty". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Gulya 1966, hlm. 5-6.
- ^ Abondolo 1998, hlm. 358-359.
- ^ Honti 1998, hlm. 328-329.
- ^ Honti, László (1981), "Ostjakin kielen itämurteiden luokittelu", Congressus Quintus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Turku 20.-27. VIII. 1980, Turku: Suomen kielen seura, hlm. 95–100
- ^ Honti 1998, hlm. 336.
- ^ Abondolo 1998, hlm. 358–359.
- ^ a b c d Honti 1998, hlm. 338.
- ^ Estill, Dennis (2004). Diachronic change in Erzya word stress. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society. hlm. 179. ISBN 952-5150-80-1.
- ^ a b c Abondolo 1998, hlm. 360.
- ^ Csepregi 2011, hlm. 12-13.
- ^ Honti 1998, hlm. 337.
- ^ Grenoble, Lenore A (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. hlm. 14. ISBN 9781402012983.
- ^ Schiefer, Erhard (1972). "Wolfgang Steinitz. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Lieferung 1 – 5, Berlin 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972". Études Finno-Ougriennes. 9: 161–171.
- ^ Futaky, István (1975). Tungusische Lehnwörter des Ostjakischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
References
- Abondolo, Daniel (1998). "Khanty". Dalam Abondolo, Daniel. The Uralic Languages.
- Csepregi, Márta (1998). Szurguti osztják chrestomathia (PDF). Studia Uralo-Altaica Supplementum. 6. Szeged. Diakses tanggal 2014-10-11.
- Filchenko, Andrey Yury (2007). A grammar of Eastern Khanty (Tesis Doctor of Philosophy). Rice University. https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/20605.
- Gulya, János (1966). Eastern Ostyak chrestomathy. Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic series. 51.
- Honti, László (1988). "Die Ob-Ugrischen Sprachen". Dalam Sinor, Denis. The Uralic Languages.
- Honti, László (1998). "ObUgrian". Dalam Abondolo, Daniel. The Uralic Languages.
- Steinitz, Wolfgang, ed. (1966–1993). Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Berlin.
- Toivonen, Y. H., ed. (1948). K. F. Karjalainen's Ostjakisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
External links
- Khanty Language
- Omniglot
- Documentation of Eastern Khanty
- Khanty basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Khanty Language and People
- Khanty–Russian Russian–Khanty dictionary (download), mirror (in case the PDF link gets misdirected)
- Khanty Bibliographical Guide
- OLAC resources in and about the Khanty language