Negara Islam pertama
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Periode Muhammad di Madinah dimulai sejak Hijrah ke Madinah pada tahun 622 dan berakhir dengan Pembebasan kota Mekkah pada tahun 630.
Sejarah
Peristiwa ini dimulai dengan peristiwa sebelumnya yaitu Muhammad di Mekkah.
September 9 — Hijrah ke Madinah
Hijrah yang dilakukan oleh kaum Muslim dari Mekkah ke Madinah. Muhammad tiba di Madinah pada hari Senin, tanggal 27 September.
Tiba di Madinah
Selama tahun pertama hijrah, Muhammad membuat Piagam Madinah, sebuah perjanjian tentang hak dan tanggung jawab kaum Muslim, Yahudi, dan komunitas suku Arab lainnya di Madinah selama perang antara kota dan tetangganya.
17 Maret— Perang Badar
Perang Badar merupakan pertempuran yang menentukan dalam sejarah Islam awal dan dimulainya perlawanan Muhammad dengan jalan perang terhadap Quraisy Mekkah.
Bani Qainuqa merupakan suku Yahudi yang hidup sebelum Islam di Madinah. Mereka termasuk suku Yahudi pertama yang berdiam di sana, dan merupakan suku Yahudi yang terkuat di Jazirah Arab sebelum Islam.
23 Maret — Perang Uhud
The Battle of Uhud was fought between a small Muslim force and a force from Mecca. Uhud is near Medina. The Muslims had the worst of the encounter and retired after having lost some seventy-five men. However, the Meccans did not pursue the Muslims into Medina, but marched back to Mecca.
Pengusiran Bani Nadir ke Khaibar
Bani Nadir merupakan salah satu dari tiga suku utama Yahudi yang berdiam di Madinah. Setelah Perang Uhud, Muhammad mengusir Bani Nadir dari kota pada tahun 625 dan mengambil alih tanah mereka. Bani Nadir pindah ke Khaibar yang mana kemudian terjadi konflik lagi pada taun 628.
Penyerangan ke Dumat al-Jandal: Syria
Perang Khandaq adalah penyerangan dari suku Quraisy Mekkah dibantu oleh sekutu-sekutunya ke Madinah pada tahun 627, oleh karena itu perang ini disebut juga Perang Ahzab (sekutu). Khandaq berarti parit, dimana kaum Muslim di Madinah menggali parit melindungi kota Madinah sehingga pihak sekutu tidak dapat menyerang ke dalam kota, walaupun Quraisy Mekkah diperkuat oleh hampir 10.000 orang.
Bani Qurayzah merupakan suku Yahudi yang tinggal di Madinah pada saat Perang Khandaq terjadi. Pada saat itu mereka membantu pihak penyerang dari suku Quraisy, sehingga begitu pihak Quraisy mundur, maka pihak Muslim-pun menyerang ke benteng Bani Qurayzah.
Banu Kalb subjugation: Dumat al-Jandal
Tahun 628, Muhammad menikahi Zainab binti Jahshi.
Perjanjian Hudaybiyah ditandatangani pada tahun 628. Pada waktu itu sebanyak 1.600 orang Muslim berangkat ke Mekkah untuk melakukan ibadah Haji dipimpin oleh Nabi Muhammad.
- "Then he [Muhammad] marched till he reached al-Hudaybiyya which lies at the limit of the Haram [sacred territory of Mecca] area at a distance of nine miles from Mecca." [1]
After the agreement-of-Hudaybiyya Muhammad decided to send letters to many rulers of the world, inviting them to Islam [2] [3][4] Hence he send messengers (with letters) to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire (The eastern Roman Empire), Chosroes of Persia, the chief of Yeman and to some others. [2] [3]
The Battle of Khaybar between Muhammad and the Jews of Khaybar (an oasis near Medina) resulted in the defeated of the later. The Banu Nadir had moved here three years earlier, and this time most of their male members where killed. Their wives and property became spoils of war for the Muslims. Muhammad took a share of the spoils, and took Safiyya bint Huyayy, the widow of the tribe's slain treasurer as his wife.
First hajj pilgrimage in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah, in accordance to the treaty of the previous year [5].
The Battle of Mu'tah was fought in 629 near the village of Mu'tah, now a town in Jordan, located to the east of the Jordan River, between a Muslim force dispatched by Muhammad and the Byzantine army. In Muslim sources, the battle is usually portrayed as a heroic feat wherein the Muslims held against a vastly superior Byzantine force. Academic scholars view the battle as an unsuccessful expedition by Muhammad aimed at conquering the Arabs living to the east of Jordan.[6]
Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in the year 630 A.D. In 628 the Meccan tribe of Quraish and the Muslim community in Medina signed a truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyya. Despite improved relations between Mecca and Medina after the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, a 10 year peace was to be broken by Quraish who, with their allies, the tribe of Bakr, attacked the tribe of Khuza'ah who were allies of the Muslims and it was possibly not known to the Pagan tribes at the time. However, the treaty was deemed broken. Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Quraish in Mecca, was aware that the balances were now tilted in Muhammad's favour, went to Medina to restore the treaty but Muhammad refused to accommodate him and Abu Sufyan returned to Mecca empty handed. An approximately 10,000 strong Muslim army marched towards Mecca which soon surrendered peacefully. Muhammad acted generously to the Meccans, demanding only that the pagan idols around the Kaaba be destroyed. Abu Sufyan converted to Islam and Muhammad announced
- "Who enters the house of Abu Sufyan will be safe, who lays down arms will be safe, who locks his door will be safe".
Peristiwa berikut
Peristiwa ini kemudian dilanjutkan dengan kehidupan Muhammad setelah mengambil alih Kota Mekkah.
Lihat pula
References
- ^ Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir
- ^ a b Lings, Martin (1994). Muhammad: His Life based on the earliest sources. Suhail Academy Lahore. hlm. 260.
- ^ a b Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). hlm. 250–251. ISBN 81-85738-25-4.
- ^ Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1993). The Life of Muhammad (Translated from the 8th Edition By Ism'il Ragi A. Al Faruqi). Islami Book Trust, Kula Lumpur. hlm. 360.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Buhl, F. "Mu'ta". Dalam P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Edition. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
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