Wikipedia

Robot humanoid

robot yang berbentuk mirip manusia
Revisi sejak 29 Desember 2011 17.40 oleh StefanusRA (bicara | kontrib) (→Perkembangan: edit WP:M2011)

Robot humanoid adalah robot yang penampilan keseluruhannya dibentuk berdasarkan tubuh manusia, mampu melakukan interaksi dengan peralatan maupun lingkungan yang dibuat-untuk-manusia. Secara umum robot humanoid memiliki tubuh dengan kepala, dua buah lengan dan dua kaki, meskipun ada pula beberapa bentuk robot humanoid yang hanya berupa sebagian dari tubuh manusia, misalnya dari pinggang ke atas. Beberapa robot humanoid juga memiliki 'wajah', lengkap dengan 'mata' dan 'mulut'. Android merupakan robot humanoid yang dibangun untuk secara estetika menyerupai manusia.

ASIMO, robot humanoid buatan Honda
Berkas:TOPIO 3.0.jpg
TOPIO, sebuah robot humanoid yang mampu bermain ping pong dalam acara Pameran Robot Internasional (IREX) 2009 di Tokyo.[1][2]

Purpose

 
Nao (robot) adalah robot yang diciptakan sebagai sahabat manusia. Dia juga berkompetisi dalam kejuaraan sepak bola RoboCup.
 
Enon diciptakan sebagai asisten pribadi. Dia memiliki kemampuan pengenalan percakapan terbatas dan dapat membawa benda-benda.

Robot humanoid digunakan sebagai alat riset pada beberapa area ilmu pengetahuan. Periset perlu mengetahui struktur dan perilaku tubuh manusia (biomekanik) agar dapat membangun dan mempelajari robot humanoid. Di sisi lain, upaya mensimulasikan tumuh manusia mengarahkan pada pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai hal tersebut. Kognisi manusia adalah bidang studi yang berfokus kepada bagaimana manusia belajar melalui informasi sensori dalam rangka memperoleh ketrampilan persepsi dan motorik. Pengetahuan ini digunakan untuk mengembangkan model komputasi dari perilaku manusia dan hal ini telah beerkembang terus sepanjang waktu.

Sensor

Sensor merupakan alat yang dapat mengukur beberapa atribut dan merupakan salah satu dari tiga primitif dari robotika (disamping perencanaan dan pengendalian). Penginderaan memainkan peranan penting dalam paradigma robotika.

Sensor dapat digolongkan berdasarkan proses fisik dengan apa yang mereka kerjakan atau berdasarkan kepada jenis informasi pengukuran yang mereka berikan sebagai keluaran. Dalam kasus ini, pendekatan kedua yang dipergunakan.


Aktuator

Aktuator merupakan motor yang bertanggungjawab untuk gerakan pada robot. Robot humanoid dibangun sedemikian rupa agar mereka mirip dengan tubuh manusia, maka mereka juga mempergunakan aktuator yang berlaku seperti otot dan sendi, meskipun dengan struktur yang berbeda. Agar dapat mencapai efek yang sama dengan gerakan manusia, robot humanoid terutama menggunakan aktuator rotari. Mereka dapat berupa elektrik, pneumatik, hidrolik, piezoelektrik, atau ultrasonik.


Perkembangan

Tahun Perkembangan
c. 250 SM Lie Zi mendeskripsikan automata.[3]
c. 50 M Ahli matematika Yunani Hero of Alexandria menggambarkan mesin yang menuangkan anggur secara otomatis kepada para tamu pesta.[4]
1206 Al-Jazari menggambarkan sebuah band yang terdiri dari automata humanoid, yang menurut Charles B. Fowler, menampilkan "lebih dari lima puluh aksi wajah dan tubuh dalam setiap pemilihan musik."[5] Al-Jazari juga menciptakan mesin cuci Automata dengan pelayan humanoid otomatis,[6] dan jam gajah yang menggabungkan pawang humanoid otomatis menabuh simbal pada setengah jam. "Jam kastil" terprogram miliknya juga menampilkan lima pemusik automata yang otomatis memainkan musik ketika digerakkan oleh tuas yang dioperasikan oleh poros bubungan tersembunyi yang terhubung pada roda air.[7]
1495 Leonardo da Vinci mendesain automata humanoid yang terlihat seperti ksatria bersenjata, kemudian dikenal sebagai Robot Leonardo. [8]
1738 Jacques de Vaucanson menciptakan pemain seruling, sosok seukuran seorang gembala yang dapat memainkan dua belas lagu menggunakan seruling dan pemain tamborin yang memainkan seruling, drum atau tamborin.[9]
1774 Pierre Jacquet-Droz dan anak lelakinya Henri-Louis menciptakan the Draughtsman, the Musicienne dan the Writer, sosok seorang anak lelaki yang dapat menulis pesan sampai dengan 40 karakter.[10]
1837 Kisah Golem dari Praha, sebuah kecerdasan buatan humanoid yang diaktifkan dengan melekatkan huruf Ibrani pada keningnya, berdasarkan cerita rakyat Yahudi, diciptakan oleh penulisYahudi Jerman Berthold Auerbach untuk novelnya Spinoza.
1921 penulis Ceko Karel Čapek memperkenalkan kata "robot" dalam karyanya R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Kata "robot" berasal dari kata "robota", yang dalam bahasa Ceko berarti "pekerjapaksa".[11]
1927 The Maschinenmensch (“machine-human”), a gynoid humanoid robot, also called "Parody", "Futura", "Robotrix", or the "Maria impersonator" (played by German actress Brigitte Helm), perhaps the most memorable humanoid robot ever to appear on film, is depicted in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis.
1941-42 Isaac Asimov formulates the Three Laws of Robotics, and in the process of doing so, coins the word "robotics".
1948 Norbert Wiener formulates the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics.
1961 The first digitally operated and programmable non-humanoid robot, the Unimate, is installed on a General Motors assembly line to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. It was created by George Devol and constructed by Unimation, the first robot manufacturing company.
1969 D.E. Whitney publishes his article "Resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prosthesis".[12]
1970 Miomir Vukobratović has proposed Zero Moment Point, a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion. [13]
1972 Miomir Vukobratović and his associates at Mihajlo Pupin Institute build the first active anthropomorphic exoskeleton.
1973 In Waseda University, in Tokyo, Wabot-1 is built. It was able to communicate with a person in Japanese and to measure distances and directions to the objects using external receptors, artificial ears and eyes, and an artificial mouth. [14]
1980 Marc Raibert established the MIT Leg Lab, which is dedicated to studying legged locomotion and building dynamic legged robots. [15]
1983 Using MB Associates arms, "Greenman" was developed by Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego. It had an exoskeletal master controller with kinematic equivalency and spatial correspondence of the torso, arms, and head. Its vision system consisted of two 525-line video cameras each having a 35-degree field of view and video camera eyepiece monitors mounted in an aviator's helmet. [16]
1984 At Waseda University, the Wabot-2 is created, a musician humanoid robot able to communicate with a person, read a normal musical score with his eyes and play tunes of average difficulty on an electronic organ. [17]
1985 Developed by Hitachi Ltd, WHL-11 is a biped robot capable of static walking on a flat surface at 13 seconds per step and it can also turn. [18]
1985 WASUBOT is another musician robot from Waseda University. It performed a concerto with the NHK Symphony Orchestra at the opening ceremony of the International Science and Technology Exposition.
1986 Honda developed seven biped robots which were designated E0 (Experimental Model 0) through E6. E0 was in 1986, E1 – E3 were done between 1987 and 1991, and E4 - E6 were done between 1991 and 1993. [19]
1989 Manny was a full-scale anthropomorphic robot with 42 degrees of freedom developed at Battelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories in Richland, Washington, for the US Army's Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. It could not walk on its own but it could crawl, and had an artificial respiratory system to simulate breathing and sweating.[20]
1990 Tad McGeer showed that a biped mechanical structure with knees could walk passively down a sloping surface. [21]
1993 Honda developed P1 (Prototype Model 1) through P3, an evolution from E series, with upper limbs. Developed until 1997.[22]
1995 Hadaly was developed in Waseda University to study human-robot communication and has three subsystems: a head-eye subsystem, a voice control system for listening and speaking in Japanese, and a motion-control subsystem to use the arms to point toward campus destinations.
1995 Wabian is a human-size biped walking robot from Waseda University.
1996 Saika, a light-weight, human-size and low-cost humanoid robot, was developed at Tokyo University. Saika has a two-DOF neck, dual five-DOF upper arms, a torso and a head. Several types of hands and forearms are under development also. Developed until 1998. [23]
1997 Hadaly-2, developed at Waseda University, is a humanoid robot which realizes interactive communication with humans. It communicates not only informationally, but also physically.
2000 Honda creates its 11th bipedal humanoid robot, ASIMO.[24]
2001 Sony unveils small humanoid entertainment robots, dubbed Sony Dream Robot (SDR). Renamed Qrio in 2003.
2001 Fujitsu realized its first commercial humanoid robot named HOAP-1. Its successors HOAP-2 and HOAP-3 were announced in 2003 and 2005, respectively. HOAP is designed for a broad range of applications for R&D of robot technologies.[25]
2003 JOHNNIE, an autonomous biped walking robot built at the Technical University of Munich. The main objective was to realize an anthropomorphic walking machine with a human-like, dynamically stable gait [26]
2003 Actroid, a robot with realistic silicone "skin" developed by Osaka University in conjunction with Kokoro Company Ltd. [27]
2004 Persia, Iran's first humanoid robot, was developed using realistic simulation by researchers of Isfahan University of Technology in conjunction with ISTT. [28]
2004 KHR-1, a programmable bipedal humanoid robot introduced in June 2004 by a Japanese company Kondo Kagaku.
2005 The PKD Android, a conversational humanoid robot made in the likeness of science fiction novelist Philip K Dick, was developed as a collaboration between Hanson Robotics, the FedEx Institute of Technology, and the University of Memphis.[29]
2005 Wakamaru, a Japanese domestic robot made by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, primarily intended to provide companionship to elderly and disabled people. [30]
2007 TOPIO, a ping pong playing robot developed by TOSY Robotics JSC. [31]
2008 Justin, a humanoid robot developed by the German Space Agency (DLR). [32]
2008 KT-X, the first international humanoid robot developed as a collaboration between the five-time consecutive RoboCup champions, Team Osaka, and KumoTek Robotics. [33]
2008 Nexi, the first mobile, dexterous and social robot, makes its public debut as one of TIME magazine's top inventions of the year.[34] The robot was built through a collaboration between the MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group,[35] Xitome Design [36] UMass Amherst and Meka robotics.[37] [38]
2009 HRP-4C, a Japanese domestic robot made by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, shows human characteristics in addition to bipedal walking.
2009 Turkey's first dynamically walking humanoid robot, SURALP, is developed by Sabanci University in conjunction with Tubitak. [39]
2010 NASA and General Motors revealed Robonaut 2, a very advanced humanoid robot. It was part of the payload of Shuttle Discovery on the successful launch February 24, 2010. It is intended to do spacewalks for NASA.[40]
2010 Students at the University of Tehran, Iran unveil the Surena II. It was unveiled by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[41]
2010 Researchers at Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology demonstrate their humanoid robot HRP-4C singing and dancing along with human dancers.[42]
2010 In September the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology also demonstrates the humanoid robot HRP-4. The HRP-4 resembles the HRP-4C in some regards but is called "athletic" and is not a gynoid.
2011 In November Honda unveiled its second generation Honda Asimo Robot. The all new Asimo is the first version of the robot with semi-autonomous capabilities.

Referensi

  1. ^ "A Ping-Pong-Playing Terminator". Popular Science. 
  2. ^ "Best robot 2009". www.gadgetrivia.com. 
  3. ^ Joseph Needham (1986), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 2, p. 53, England: Cambridge University Press
  4. ^ Hero of Alexandria; Bennet Woodcroft (trans.) (1851). Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar. Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria. London: Taylor Walton and Maberly (online edition from University of Rochester, Rochester, NY). Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  5. ^ Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", Music Educators Journal 54 (2): 45-9
  6. ^ Rosheim, Mark E. (1994). Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics. Wiley-IEEE. hlm. 9–10. ISBN 0471026220. 
  7. ^ "[[Ancient Discoveries]], Episode 11: Ancient Robots". History Channel. Diakses tanggal 2008-09-06.  Konflik URL–wikilink (bantuan)
  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ [2]
  10. ^ [3]
  11. ^ [4]
  12. ^ Resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prostheses DE Whitney - IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 1969
  13. ^ [5]
  14. ^ [6]
  15. ^ [7]
  16. ^ [8]
  17. ^ [9]
  18. ^ [10]
  19. ^ [11]
  20. ^ [12]
  21. ^ [13]
  22. ^ [14]
  23. ^ [15]
  24. ^ [16]
  25. ^ http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/rd/200506hoap-series.html
  26. ^ [17]
  27. ^ [18]
  28. ^ [19]
  29. ^ [20]
  30. ^ [21]
  31. ^ [22]
  32. ^ [23]
  33. ^ [24]
  34. ^ "Best Inventions Of 2008". Time. 2008-10-29. 
  35. ^ http://robotic.media.mit.edu/index.html
  36. ^ http://www.xitome.com/
  37. ^ http://www.mekabot.com/
  38. ^ [25]
  39. ^ [26]
  40. ^ http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-02/nasa-unveils-android-astronaut
  41. ^ http://uk.news.yahoo.com/18/20100704/twl-iran-unveils-human-like-robot-report-3cd7efd_1.html
  42. ^ http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/how-to-make-a-robot-dance

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