Kritik teks (Alkitab)

Kritik teks adalah salah satu metode penafsiran Alkitab yang mempelajari teks yang ada secara terperinci untuk memahami makna yang terkandung di dalamnya.

Ketika seseorang mencoba mempelajari suatu teks Alkitab dari beberapa terjemahan yang berbeda, tidak jarang ia menemukan bagian yang berbeda antara dua terjemahan. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena beberapa macam hal, antara lain:

• Perbedaan sumber asal.
• Perbedaan interpretasi pada saat menerjemahkan.
• Kesalahan yang tidak disengaja pada saat menerjemahkan atau menyalin ulang sebuah teks.

Sarjana kritik teks Alkitab terkemuka

• William Albright (1891–1971): Profesor pada Johns Hopkins University dan pendiri "American biblical archaeology"
• Albrecht Alt (1883–1956): prominent in early debates about the religion of the biblical patriarchs; he was also an important influence on the generation of mid-20th century German scholars like Martin Noth and Gerhard von Rad
• Jean Astruc (1684–1776): kritikus Alkitab mula-mula asal Perancis, yang mengadaptasi kritik sumber pada studi kitab Kejadian dan berpendapat bahwa Musa adalah penyusun seluruh Taurat.
• Margaret Barker (1944–): maintains that the polytheistic practices of the First Jewish Temple survived and influenced gnosticism and early Christianity
• Walter Bauer (1877–1960): redefined the parameters of orthodoxy and heresy with his multiregional hypothesis for the origins of early Christianity
• F. C. Baur (1792–1860): explored the secular history of the primitive church
• Rudolf Karl Bultmann (1884–1976): New Testament scholar who defined an almost complete split between history and faith, called demythology
• D. A. Carson (1946–): sarjana Perjanjian Baru Kanada mengenai Injil Yohanes
• John J. Collins (1946–): Sarjana Irlandia mengenai gulungan Laut Mati dan Yudaisme pada masa Bait Suci kedua; bekerja ekstesif mengenai mesianisme Yahudi dan apokaliptisme
• Frank Moore Cross (1921–2012): American biblical scholar and Harvard professor notable for his interpretations of the Deuteronomistic History, the Pentateuch, and the Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as his work in Northwest Semitic Epigraphy
• William G. Dever (1933–): arkeolog Alkita Amerika Serikat, berkontribusi pada pemahaman Israel kuno
• Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1752–1827): applied source criticism to the entire Bible, memutuskan menentang kepengarangan Musa
• Alvar Ellegård (1919–2008): ahli bahasa yang mengubah susunan kronologi teks Perjanjian Baru dan proponen "Teori Mitos Yesus"
• Bart D. Ehrman (1955–): profesor University of North Carolina ho has examined issues of textual corruption and authorship in New Testament and Early Christian texts
• Israel Finkelstein (1949–): Israeli archaeologist and Professor at Tel Aviv University, an advocate for re-dating remains previously ascribed to King Solomon to the rule of the Omrides
• Johann Jakob Griesbach (1745–1812): pioneered the Griesbach hypothesis, which supports the primacy of the Gospel of Matthew
• Hermann Gunkel (1862–1932): father of form criticism, the study of the oral traditions behind the text of the Pentateuch
• Niels Peter Lemche (1945– ): biblical scholar at the University of Copenhagen associated with biblical minimalism, which warns against uncritical acceptance of the Bible as history
• Bruce Metzger (1914–2007): biblical scholar sometimes referred to as "the dean" of New Testament textual criticism and wrote the definitive The Text of the New Testament (Oxford University Press, 1964)
• Martin Noth (1902–1968): developed tradition history and scholar on the origins of the Pentateuch and the Deuteronomistic History
• Robert M. Price ( 1954–): American theologian and philosopher
• Rolf Rendtorff (1925–): German critic who advanced an influential non-documentary hypothesis for the origins of the Pentateuch
• Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834): German theologian and philosopher whose theoretical hermeneutics underlie much of modern biblical exegesis
• Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965): German theologian who was a pioneer in the quest for the historical Jesus
• John Van Seters (1935–): sarjana Alkitab Ibrani Amerika Serikat yang mendukung model suplementer dalam penyusunan Pentateukh
• Thomas Paine (1737–1809): Filsuf Amerika Serikat. Pengarang "The Age of Reason". Mendokumentasi berbagai diskrepansi Alkitab, menerapkan logika bahwa kitab itu ditulis oleh manusia biasa, bukan ilham ilahi.
• Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826): Presiden Amerika Serikat. Pengarang "Jefferson Bible", sebuah rekonstruksi Perjanjian Baru yang menghilangkan rujukan bersifat mujizat.
• Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677): filsuf Belanda, yang mengumpulkan diskrepansi, kontradiksi dan anakronisme dari Taurat dan berpendapat bahwa Taurat tidak dapat ditulis oleh Musa.
• Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789): leading French/German encyclopedist, published anonymously in Amsterdam in 1769 "Ecce Homo: The History of Jesus of Nazareth, a Critical Inquiry", the first Life of Jesus describing him as a mere historical man. Translated into English by George Houston and published by him in Edinburgh, 1799, London, 1813, (for which "blasphemy" Houston was condemned to two years in prison), and New York, 1827
• David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874): German critic who published influential work on the historical origins of Christian beliefs, most notably in his Das Leben Jesu
• Thomas L. Thompson (1939–): penyanggah kesimpulan Albright mengenai arkeologi dan sejarah Pentateukh
• Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918): kritikus Jerman yang mempopulerkan hipotesis dokumenter dari 4 sumber
• Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette (1780–1849): kontributor awal dari Jerman untuk "higher criticism" dan studi asal usul Pentateukh
• Joseph Wheless (1868–1950): ahli hukum Amerika Serikat yang menentang bahwa Yesus pernah hidup.
• R. N. Whybray (1923–1997): penyanggah asumsi "kritik sumber" yang mendasari hipotesis dokumenter
• N. T. Wright (1948-): uskup emiritus Anglikan dan profesor "New Testament and Early Christianity" pada University of St. Andrews, Wright dikenal karena New Perspective on Paul dan karyanya berupa serial Christian Origins and the Question of God.

Lihat pula

• Eksegesis
• Hermeneutika Alkitab
• Kritik sejarah (Alkitab)

Pustaka tambahan

• Barton, John (1984). "Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study, Philadelphia, Westminster, ISBN 0-664-25724-0". 
• Barenboim Peter, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers, Moscow : Letny Sad, 2005, ISBN 5-94381-123-0, http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578
• Birch, Bruce C., Walter Brueggemann, Terence E. Fretheim, and David L. Petersen (1999). A Theological Introduction to the Old Testament, ISBN 0-687-01348-8. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
• Coggins, R. J., and J. L. Houlden, eds. (1990). Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation. London: SCM Press; Philadelphia: Trinity Press International. ISBN 0-334-00294-X. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (link)
• Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-073817-0. 

• Fuller, Reginald H. (1965). The Foundations of New Testament Christology. Scribners. ISBN 0-684-15532-X. 
• Goldingay, John (1990). "Approaches to Old Testament Interpretation. Rev. ed. Downers Grove, IL, InterVarsity, ISBN 1-894667-18-2". 
• Hayes, John H., and Carl R. Holladay (1987). "Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner's Handbook, Rev. ed. Atlanta, GA, John Knox, ISBN 0-8042-0031-9". Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
• McKenzie, Steven L., and Stephen R. Haynes, eds. (1993). "To Each Its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Applications, Louisville, KY, Westminster/John Knox, ISBN 0-664-25784-4". Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (link)
• Levenson, Jon D. The Hebrew Bible, The Old Testament, and Historical Criticism: Jews and Christians in Biblical Studies, 1993, Westminister/John Knox Press, ISBN 0-664-25407-1
• Rogerson, John (1984). Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century. ISBN 978-0-8006-0737-1. 
• Morgan, Robert, and John Barton (1988). "Biblical Interpretation, New York, Oxford University, ISBN 0-19-213257-1". Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
• Soulen, Richard N. (1981). "Handbook of Biblical Criticism, 2nd ed. Atlanta, Ga, John Knox, ISBN 0-664-22314-1". 
• Stuart, Douglas (1984). "Old Testament Exegesis: A Primer for Students and Pastors, 2nd ed., Philadelphia, Westminster, ISBN 0-664-24320-7". 

• Shinan, Avigdor, and Yair Zakovitch (2004). That's Not What the Good Book Says, Miskal-Yediot Ahronot Books and Chemed Books, Tel-Aviv

Pranala luar

• David J. A. Clines, "Possibilities and Priorities of Biblical Interpretation in an International Perspective", in On the Way to the Postmodern: Old Testament Essays 1967–1998, Volume 1 (JSOTSup, 292; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998), pp. 46–68 See Section 6, Future Trends in Biblical Interpretation, overview of some current trends in biblical criticism.
• Philip Davies, review of John J. Collins, "The Bible after Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age", 2005 Reviews a survey of postmodernist biblical criticism.
• Allen P. Ross (Beeson Divinity School, Samford University), "The Study of Textual Criticism" Guide to the methodology of textual criticism.
• Yair Hoffman, review of Marvin A. Sweeney and Ehud Ben Zvi (eds.), The Changing Face of Form-Criticism for the Twenty-First Century, 2003 Discusses contemporary form criticism.
• Exploring Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Internet Introduction to biblical criticism
• Library of latest modern books of biblical studies and biblical criticism