Zona ventrikular

Pada organisme vertebrata, zona ventrikular (ventricular zone, VZ) adalah lapisan embrio sementara dari jaringan yang mengandung sel-sel punca saraf (neuronal progenitor cell, NPC), terutama sel-sel glial radial dari sistem saraf pusat (SSP).^[1]^[2] VZ dinamakan demikian karena ini melapisi sistem ventrikel, yang berisi cairan serebrospinal (CSF). Sistem ventrikular embrionik mengandung faktor pertumbuhan dan nutrisi lain yang dibutuhkan untuk fungsi yang tepat dari sel punca SSP.^[3]

VZ dan SVZ ditandai dengan imunohistokimia label ekspresi gen Sox2 dan Tbr2 di otak depan (*forebrain*) embrio tikus pada hari embrio 13,5. *Telencephalon* belakang (dorsal) menjadi korteks serebral, dan mengandung sel-sel berlabel Tbr2. CP, cortical plate; LV, lateral ventricle; MGE, medial ganglionic eminence

Neurogenesis atau pembentukan neuron, terjadi di VZ selama perkembangan embrio dan janin sebagai fungsi dari jalur Notch,^[4]^[5] dan neuron baru lahir harus bermigrasi dalam jarak yang cukup besar ke tujuan akhir mereka di otak atau sumsum tulang belakang berkembang tempat mereka akan membangun sirkuit saraf. ^[6]^[7]

Zona proliferasi sekunder, yaitu zona subventrikular (SVZ), terletak berdekatan dengan VZ. Di korteks serebral embrionik, SVZ berisi progenitor saraf menengah yang terus membelah menjadi neuron pasca-mitosis.^[8]^[9] Melalui proses neurogenesis, kelompok sel punca saraf sel induk habis dan VZ menghilang.^[10] Keseimbangan antara tingkat proliferasi dan neurogenesis perubahan sel punca selama perkembangan,^[11] dan spesies dari tikus ke manusia menunjukkan perbedaan besar dalam jumlah siklus sel, panjang siklus sel, dan parameter lainnya, yang diduga menimbulkan keragaman besar dalam ukuran otak dan struktur.

Referensi

^ Rakic, P (October 2009). "Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology". Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 10 (10): 724–35. doi:10.1038/nrn2719. PMC 2913577  . PMID 19763105.
^ Noctor, SC; Flint, AC; Weissman, TA; Dammerman, RS; Kriegstein, AR (8 February 2001). "Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex". Nature. 409 (6821): 714–20. doi:10.1038/35055553. PMID 11217860.
^ Lehtinen, MK; Zappaterra, MW; Chen, X; Yang, YJ; Hill, AD; Lun, M; Maynard, T; Gonzalez, D; Kim, S; Ye, P; D'Ercole, AJ; Wong, ET; LaMantia, AS; Walsh, CA (10 March 2011). "The cerebrospinal fluid provides a proliferative niche for neural progenitor cells". Neuron. 69 (5): 893–905. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.023. PMC 3085909  . PMID 21382550.
^ Kageyama, R; Ohtsuka, T; Shimojo, H; Imayoshi, I (November 2008). "Dynamic Notch signaling in neural progenitor cells and a revised view of lateral inhibition". Nature Neuroscience. 11 (11): 1247–51. doi:10.1038/nn.2208. PMID 18956012.
^ Rash, BG; Lim, HD; Breunig, JJ; Vaccarino, FM (26 October 2011). "FGF signaling expands embryonic cortical surface area by regulating Notch-dependent neurogenesis". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 31 (43): 15604–17. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4439-11.2011. PMID 22031906.
^ Rakic, P (March 1971). "Neuron-glia relationship during granule cell migration in developing cerebellar cortex. A Golgi and electronmicroscopic study in Macacus Rhesus". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 141 (3): 283–312. doi:10.1002/cne.901410303. PMID 4101340.
^ Rakic, P (May 1972). "Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 145 (1): 61–83. doi:10.1002/cne.901450105. PMID 4624784.
^ Noctor, SC; Martínez-Cerdeño, V; Ivic, L; Kriegstein, AR (February 2004). "Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (2): 136–44. doi:10.1038/nn1172. PMID 14703572.
^ Hevner, RF; Haydar, TF (February 2012). "The (not necessarily) convoluted role of basal radial glia in cortical neurogenesis". Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 22 (2): 465–8. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr336. PMID 22116731.
^ Dehay, C; Kennedy, H (June 2007). "Cell-cycle control and cortical development". Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 8 (6): 438–50. doi:10.1038/nrn2097. PMID 17514197.
^ Takahashi, T; Nowakowski, RS; Caviness VS, Jr (1 October 1996). "The leaving or Q fraction of the murine cerebral proliferative epithelium: a general model of neocortical neuronogenesis". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 16 (19): 6183–96. PMID 8815900.

[1] Rakic, P (October 2009). "Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology". Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 10 (10): 724–35. doi:10.1038/nrn2719. PMC 2913577  . PMID 19763105.

[2] Noctor, SC; Flint, AC; Weissman, TA; Dammerman, RS; Kriegstein, AR (8 February 2001). "Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex". Nature. 409 (6821): 714–20. doi:10.1038/35055553. PMID 11217860.

[3] Lehtinen, MK; Zappaterra, MW; Chen, X; Yang, YJ; Hill, AD; Lun, M; Maynard, T; Gonzalez, D; Kim, S; Ye, P; D'Ercole, AJ; Wong, ET; LaMantia, AS; Walsh, CA (10 March 2011). "The cerebrospinal fluid provides a proliferative niche for neural progenitor cells". Neuron. 69 (5): 893–905. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.023. PMC 3085909  . PMID 21382550.

[4] Kageyama, R; Ohtsuka, T; Shimojo, H; Imayoshi, I (November 2008). "Dynamic Notch signaling in neural progenitor cells and a revised view of lateral inhibition". Nature Neuroscience. 11 (11): 1247–51. doi:10.1038/nn.2208. PMID 18956012.

[5] Rash, BG; Lim, HD; Breunig, JJ; Vaccarino, FM (26 October 2011). "FGF signaling expands embryonic cortical surface area by regulating Notch-dependent neurogenesis". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 31 (43): 15604–17. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4439-11.2011. PMID 22031906.

[6] Rakic, P (March 1971). "Neuron-glia relationship during granule cell migration in developing cerebellar cortex. A Golgi and electronmicroscopic study in Macacus Rhesus". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 141 (3): 283–312. doi:10.1002/cne.901410303. PMID 4101340.

[7] Rakic, P (May 1972). "Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 145 (1): 61–83. doi:10.1002/cne.901450105. PMID 4624784.

[8] Noctor, SC; Martínez-Cerdeño, V; Ivic, L; Kriegstein, AR (February 2004). "Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (2): 136–44. doi:10.1038/nn1172. PMID 14703572.

[9] Hevner, RF; Haydar, TF (February 2012). "The (not necessarily) convoluted role of basal radial glia in cortical neurogenesis". Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 22 (2): 465–8. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr336. PMID 22116731.

[10] Dehay, C; Kennedy, H (June 2007). "Cell-cycle control and cortical development". Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 8 (6): 438–50. doi:10.1038/nrn2097. PMID 17514197.

[11] Takahashi, T; Nowakowski, RS; Caviness VS, Jr (1 October 1996). "The leaving or Q fraction of the murine cerebral proliferative epithelium: a general model of neocortical neuronogenesis". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 16 (19): 6183–96. PMID 8815900.

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