Bantuan

Dalam hubungan internasional, bantuan (juga disebut bantuan internasional atau bantuan luar negeri) adalah perpindahan sumber daya dari satu negara ke negara lain secara sukarela.

Bantuan memiliki beberapa tujuan, yaitu tanda persetujuan diplomatik, memperkuat sekutu militer, imbalan atas tindakan yang diambil negara penerima, memperluas pengaruh budaya negara donor, membangun infrastruktur yang diperlukan bagi negara donor untuk mengeksploitasi sumber daya dari negara penerima, atau mendapat akses perdagangan. Kemanusiaan dan kedermawanan juga merupakan salah satu alasan pemberian bantuan.^[1]

Bantuan dapat diberikan kepada individu, organisasi swasta, atau pemerintah. Perpindahan sumber daya yang dapat digolongkan sebagai "bantuan" bervariasi dari negara ke negara. Misalnya, pemerintah Amerika Serikat menghapus bantuan militer dari laporan bantuan luar negerinya pada tahun 1958.^[2] Jenis bantuan yang paling sering diberikan adalah bantuan pembangunan resmi (ODA; Official Development Assistance).

Cakupan

Sebagian besar bantuan pembangunan resmi (ODA) berasal dari 28 anggota Development Assistance Committee (DAC) dengan nilai $135 miliar pada tahun 2013. $15,9 miliar berasal dari Komisi Eropa, dan $9,4 miliar berasal dari negara-negara non-DAC. Meski jumlah bantuan pembangunan mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 2013, bantuan ke negara-negara Afrika sub-Sahara terus menurun.^[3]

10 penerima bantuan terbesar (2012)

**Bantuan luar negeri yang diterima (miliar US$)**^[4]
Negara	2012
Afghanistan	6,72
Vietnam	4,11
Ethiopia	3,26
Turki	3,03
Republik Demokratik Kongo	2,85
Tanzania	2,83
Kenya	2,65
Côte d'Ivoire	2,63
Bangladesh	2,15
Mozambik	2,09

10 negara donor terbesar (2013)

Bantuan pembangunan resmi (absolut) yang disumbangkan oleh 10 negara DAC terbesar dirincikan di bawah ini. Negara-negara Uni Eropa menyumbang $70,73 miliar, dan lembaga Uni Eropa menyumbang $15,93 miliar.^[3]^[5]

Uni Eropa

Amerika Serikat – $31,55 miliar
Britania Raya – $17,88 miliar
Jerman – $14,06 miliar
Jepang – $11,79 miliar
Perancis – $11,38 miliar
Swedia – $5,83 miliar
Norwegia – $5,58 miliar
Belanda – $5,44 miliar
Kanada – $4,91 miliar
Australia – $4,85 miliar

Bantuan pembangunan resmi dalam bentuk persentase pendapatan nasional bruto disumbangkan oleh 10 negara DAC terbesar. Lima negara di antaranya memenuhi target rasio ODA/GNI 0,7% yang ditetapkan PBB tahun 2013:^[3]

Norwegia – 1,07%
Swedia – 1,02%
Luksemburg – 1,00%
Denmark – 0,85%
Britania Raya – 0,72%
Belanda – 0,67%
Finlandia – 0,55%
Swiss – 0,47%
Belgia – 0,45%
Irlandia – 0,45%

Negara-negara Uni Eropa yang juga merupakan anggota Development Assistance Committee memberikan 0,42% GNI-nya (tidak termasuk $15,93 miliar dari lembaga Uni Eropa).^[3]

Lihat pula

Negara:

Referensi

^ Lancaster, pp. 4–5.
^ Lancaster, p. 67: "In 1957 the administration (with congressional support) separated economic from military assistance and created a Development Loan Fund (DLF) to provide concessional credits to developing countries world-wide (i.e. not, as in the past, just those in areas of potential conflict with Moscow) to promote their long-term growth.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Aid to developing countries rebounds in 2013 to reach an all-time high". OECD. 8 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2014.
^ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD
^ "Development and cooperation". European Union. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2015.

Håkan Malmqvist (2000), Development Aid, Humanitarian Assistance and Emergency Relief, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden.
Andrew Rogerson with Adrian Hewitt and David Waldenberg (2004), The International Aid System 2005–2010 Forces For and Against Change, ODI Working Paper 235.
Easterly, William (2006). The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. Penguin. ISBN 1-59420-037-8.
Anup Shah, US and Foreign Aid Assistance, GlobalIssues.org, Last updated: Sunday, April 27, 2008.
Millions Saved A compilation of case studies of successful foreign assistance by the Center for Global Development.
ActionAid, May 2005, "Real Aid" – analysis of the proportion of aid wasted on consultants, tied aid, etc.
Mousseau, Frederic; Mittal, Anuradha. "Food Sovereignty: Ending World Hunger in Our Time". The Humanist. 2006: 35–40.
Lancaster, Carol; Ann Van Dusen (2005). Organizing Foreign Aid: Confronting the Challenges of the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-5113-3.

Ali, Abdiweli M.; Said Isse, Hodan (2007). "Foreign Aid and Free Trade and their Effect on Income: A Panel Analysis". The Journal of Developing Areas. 41 (1): 127–142. doi:10.1353/jda.2008.0016.

Bacaan lanjutan

Foreman, Jonathan (2013). Aiding and Abetting: Foreign Aid Failures and the 0.7% Deception. Civitas. ISBN 978-1906837440.
Moyo, Dambisa (2010). Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is Another Way for Africa. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-103118-7.
Riddell, Roger C. (2008). Does Foreign Aid Work?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954446-2.
Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak (2007). Making Aid Work. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02615-4.
Calderisi, Robert (2006). The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn't Working. Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-7125-0.
Easterly, William (2006). The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. Penguin. ISBN 1-59420-037-8.
Lal, Deepak (2008). "Foreign Aid". Dalam David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (edisi ke-2nd). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
Oxfam America (2008). Smart Development: Why US foreign aid demands major reform. Oxfam America, Inc.
Sogge, David (2002). Give and Take: What's the Matter with Foreign Aid?. Zed Books. ISBN 1-84277-069-1.
The cartel of good intentions, Foreign Policy, Washington, Jul/Aug 2002, Authors: William Easterly, Issue: 131, Pagination: 40–49, ISSN 0015-7228
Development Assistance Committee, Glossary, OECD, Paris.

Pranala luar

Foreign Relations and International Aid resources from University of Colorado–Boulder
International Aid and Development di Curlie (dari DMOZ)
AidData – a web portal for information on development aid, including a database of aid activities financed by donors worldwide
EuropeAid Cooperation Office
OECD Development Co-operation Directorate (DAC)
Overseas Development Institute
Aid Reform Campaign at Oxfam America
Does Foreign Aid Work? Efforts to Evaluate U.S. Foreign Assistance Congressional Research Service
Foreign Aid at Brookings Institution
Center for Global Development's Modernizing U.S. Foreign Assistance Initiative
Aid Workers Network
www.realityofaid.org
Aid Harmonization: What Will It Take to Meet the Millennium Development Goals?
Aid at GlobalIssues.org
Euforic makes information on Europe's development cooperation more accessible
The Development Executive Group Resource for staffing, tracking, winning, and implementing development projects.
European Network on Debt and Development reports, news and links on development aid.
How Food Aid Work.
Aid Guide at OneWorld.net
NL-Aid
Advance Integral Development
Foreign Aid Projects 1955–2010
International Aid at Islamic Help

[Lancaster,_pp._4–5-1] Lancaster, pp. 4–5.

[2] Lancaster, p. 67: "In 1957 the administration (with congressional support) separated economic from military assistance and created a Development Loan Fund (DLF) to provide concessional credits to developing countries world-wide (i.e. not, as in the past, just those in areas of potential conflict with Moscow) to promote their long-term growth.

[OECD-2013-3] "Aid to developing countries rebounds in 2013 to reach an all-time high". OECD. 8 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2014.

[4] ttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD

[5] "Development and cooperation". European Union. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2015.

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