Rumpun bahasa Uto-Aztek
Uto-Aztek adalah rumpun bahasa yang terdiri dari 30 bahasa yang dituturkan di wilayah Amerika Serikat Barat dan Meksiko.
Uto-Aztek | |||||||||
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Wilayah | Amerika Serikat Barat, Meksiko | ||||||||
Penutur | |||||||||
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Kode bahasa | |||||||||
ISO 639-3 | – | ||||||||
ISO 639-5 | azc | ||||||||
LINGUIST List | utaz | ||||||||
Glottolog | utoa1243 [1] | ||||||||
IETF | azc | ||||||||
Lokasi penuturan | |||||||||
Persebaran rumpun bahasa Uto-Aztek sebelum kedatangan bangsa Spanyol | |||||||||
Portal Bahasa | |||||||||
Rumpun bahasa ini merupakan salah satu rumpun bahasa terbesar di benua Amerika berdasarkan jumlah penuturnya, jumlah bahasanya, dan persebaran geografisnya.[2] Bahasa Uto-Aztek yang terletak di wilayah paling utara adalah bahasa Shoshone, yang dituturkan hingga ke kota Salmon, Idaho, sementara bahasa yang paling selatan adalah bahasa Pipil di El Salvador. Ethnologue menyatakan bahwa jumlah bahasa yang termasuk ke dalam rumpun bahasa ini mencapai 61, dan jumlah penuturnya kurang lebih sebesar 1.900.412 jiwa.[3] Penutur bahasa Nahuatl yang berjumlah 1,7-1,9 juta meliputi sekitar 4/5 (78,9%) dari jumlah penutur bahasa Uto-Aztek secara keseluruhan.
Rumpun bahasa ini seringkali dibagi menjadi dua cabang, yaitu cabang utara yang meliputi semua bahasa di Amerika Serikat, serta cabang selatan yang mencakup semua bahasa di Meksiko, meskipun saat ini masih dibahas apakah pembagian ini merupakan pembagian genetik atau geografis. Di bawah tingkatan ini, terdapat beberapa cabang utama yang telah diterima keberadaannya oleh para ahli bahasa. Bahasa-bahasa Numik (termasuk bahasa Comanche dan Shoshone) dan Kalifornia (sebelumnya disebut kelompok Takic, termasuk bahasa Cahuilla dan Luiseño) mencakup sebagian besar bahasa Uto-Aztek di utara, walaupun terdapat juga bahasa Hopi dan Tübatulabal yang berada di luar pengelompokan tersebut. Di selatan, bahasa Uto-Aztek terbagi menjadi rumpun bahasa Tepima (termasuk bahasa O'odham dan Tepehuá), rumpun bahasa Tarahumara (termasuk bahasa Raramuri dan Guarijio), rumpun bahasa Cahitan (termasuk Yaqui dan Mayo), rumpun bahasa Corachola (termasuk Cora dan Huichol), serta rumpun bahasa Nahua.
Wilayah yang dianggap sebagai tempat asal penutur bahasa Uto-Aztek adalah Amerika Serikat Barat Daya atau mungkin Meksiko Barat Laut.
Catatan kaki
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Uto-Aztek". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Caballero 2011.
- ^ Ethnologue (2014). "Summary by language family". SIL International. Diakses tanggal July 2, 2014.
Daftar pustaka
- Brown, Cecil H. (2010). "Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP (letter)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107 (15): E34. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914859107. PMC 2841887 . PMID 20231478.
- Caballero, G. (2011). "Behind the Mexican Mountains: Recent Developments and New Directions in Research on Uto‐Aztecan Languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 5 (7): 485–504. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00287.x.
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- Campbell, Lyle; Poser, William J. (2008). Language classification, history and method. Cambridge University Press.
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- Cortina-Borja, M.; Stuart-Smith, J.; Valiñas-Coalla, L. (2002). "Multivariate classification methods for lexical and phonological dissimilarities and their application to the Uto-Aztecan family". Journal of Quantitative Linguistics. 9 (2): 97–124. doi:10.1076/jqul.9.2.97.8485.
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- Hill, Jane H. (2010). "New evidence for a Mesoamerican homeland for Proto-Uto-Aztecan". PNAS. 107 (11): E33. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914473107. PMC 2841890 . PMID 20231477.
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