Daftar percobaan terkenal

Halaman ini mengenai daftar eksperimen terkenal yang dianggap penting dalam sejarah.

Lihat juga: garis waktu eksperimen ilmiah, daftar penemuan terkenal, eksperimen pemikiran.

Astronomi

• Eratosthenes mengukur garis lingkaran bumi (240 SM)
• Galileo Galilei menggunakan teleskop untuk mengamati bulan-bulan Jupiter mengitari jupiter. Bukti ini mendukung model heliosentris, dan memperlemah model geosentris dari kosmos (1609)
• Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detect the cosmic microwave background radiation, giving support to the theory of the Big Bang (1964)

Biologi

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek menemukan mikroorganisme
• Robert Hooke, menggunakan sebuah mikroskop, mengamati sel (1665)
• Edward Jenner tests the first vaccine (1796)
• Gregor Mendel's experiments with the garden pea lead him to surmise many of the fundamental laws of genetics (dominant vs recessive genes, the 1-2-1 ratio, see Mendelian inheritance) (1856-1863)
• Louis Pasteur uses S-shaped flasks to prevent spores from contaminating broth. Disproves the theory of Spontaneous generation (also known as abiogenesis). (1861) A continuation of the rancid meat experiment done by Francesco Redi
• Frederick Griffith demonstrates (Griffith's experiment) that living cells can be transformed via a transforming principle, later discovered to be DNA (1928)
• Karl von Frisch decodes the "dance" honeybees use to communicate the location of flowers (1940)
• George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum prove the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis using induced mutations in bread mold, Neurospora crassa (1941)
• Luria-Delbruck experiment demonstrates that in bacteria, beneficial mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection. (1943)
• Barbara McClintock breeds maize plants for color, which leads to the discovery of transposable elements or jumping genes. (1944)
• Hershey-Chase experiment uses bacteriophage to prove that DNA is the hereditary material (1952)
• Miller-Urey experiment demonstrates that organic compounds can arise spontaneously from inorganic ones (1953)
• Meselson-Stahl experiment proves that DNA replication is semiconservative (1958)
• Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961)
• Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment (1961)
• Nirenberg and Leder experiment (1964)

Kimia

• Blaise Pascal caries a barometer up a church tower and a mountain to determine that atmospheric pressure is due to a column of air (1648).
• Robert Boyle uses an air pump to determine the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. This relationship came to be known as Boyle's law (1660-1662).
• Joseph Priestley suspends a bowl of water above a beer vat at a brewery and synthesizes carbonated water (1767).
• Antoine Lavoisier determines that oxygen combines with materials upon combustion, thus disproving phlogiston theory (1783).
• Antoine Lavoisier determines that chemical reactions in a closed container do not alter total mass. From these observations he establishes the law of conservation of mass (1789).
• Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford demonstrates that the heat developed by the friction of boring cannon is nearly inexhaustible. This result was presented in opposition to caloric theory (1798).
• Humphry Davy uses electrolysis to isolate elemental potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium, and chlorine (1807-1810).
• Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac studies reactions among gases and determines that their volumes combine chemically in simple integer ratios (1809).
• Robert Brown studies very small partices in water under the microscope and observes Brownian motion which was later named in his honor (1827).
• Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes the organic compound urea using inorganic reactants, disproving the application of vitalism to chemical processes (1828).
• Thomas Graham measures the rates of effusion for different gases and establishes Graham's law of effusion and diffusion (1833).
• Julius Robert von Mayer and James Prescott Joule measure the heat generated by mechanical work. This establishes the principle of conservation of energy and the kinetic theory of heat (1842-1843).
• Louis Pasteur separates a racemic mixture of two enantiomers by sorting individual crystals, and demonstrates their impact on the polarization of light (1849).
• Anders Jonas Ångström observes the presence of hydrogen and other elements in the spectrum of the sun (1862).
• Dmitri Mendeleev observes the periodic nature of physical and chemical properties of the elements and formulates the periodic table (1869).
• François-Marie Raoult demonstrates that the decrease in the vapor pressure and freezing point of liquids caused by the addition of solutes is proportional to the number of solute molecules present. This establishes the concept of colligative properties (1878).
• Henri Louis Le Chatelier performs several experiments to disturb a chemical equilibrium before formulating Le Chatelier's Principle (1884).
• Svante Arrhenius studies the conductivity of salt solutions and determines that salts dissociate into ions in water. (1884)
• Svante Arrhenius determines the impact of temperature on reaction rates and formulates the concept of activation energy. (1889)
• William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt) isolate the noble gases (1894-1898).
• Frederick Soddy and William Ramsay observe the production of helium (from alpha particles during radioactive decay (1903).
• Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann observe nuclear fission (1938).
• Glenn Theodore Seaborg creates and isolates five transuranium elements. He reorganizes the periodic table to its current form. (1941-1950).
• Neil Bartlett mixes xenon and fluorine leading to the first synthesis of a noble gas compound, xenon tetrafluoride (1962).
• Harold Kroto, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley isolate buckyballs and other fullerenes (1985).

Fisika

• Archimedes, ketika duduk dalam sebuah bak mandi, memperhatikan bahwa badannya menjadi lebih ringan selagi badannya mendorong air kesamping. Ini menuju ke teori pertama yang benar tentang buoyancy. (sekitar 250 SM)
• Eratosthenes evaluates the diameter of the Earth by comparing the length of the longest shadow of the day with the distance between that location and a place where the sun shines to the bottom of the well at midday (240 BC)
• Galileo Galilei menggunakan bola menggelinding untuk membuktikan tidak menyetujui Teori gerak Aristotelian (1602 - 1607)
• Isaac Newton memecah cahaya matahari dengan sebuah prisma.
• Ole Rømer uses the timing of the eclipses of the moons of Jupiter with respect their distance from earth to estimate the speed of light for the first time. He yields a value of 225,000 km/s (actual value of 299,792 km/s) (1672)
• Eksperimen batang torsi Henry Cavendish (1798)
• Eksperimen celah-ganda Thomas Young (sekitar1805)
• Hans Christian Ørsted menemukan hubungan antara listrik dan magnetisme dengan eksperimen melibatkan sebuah kompas dan sirkuit listrik (1820)
• Christian Doppler mengatur memainkan trompet dari sebuah kereta yang lewat. Titik pengamat di tanah menerima 'pitch' yang lebih tinggi dari yang dimainkan ketika kereta mendekati pengamat tersebut, dan melemah ketika kereta melewatii dan menjauh, mendemonstrasikan Efek Doppler (1845)
• Léon Foucault's namesake Foucault pendulum is first exhibited. It demonstrates the Coriolis force and the rotation of the earth (1851)
• Eksperimen Michelson-Morley exposes weaknesses of the prevailing variant of the theory of luminiferous aether. (1887)
• Guglielmo Marconi mendemonstrasikan bahwa sinyal radio dapat bergerak antara dua titik dipisahkan oleh sebuah rintangan. Pelayan Marconi berada di belakang bukit sejauh 3 km dan menembakan senapannya ketika menerima sinyal yang dikirim (1895).
• Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, dan Pierre Curie menemukan radioaktivitas dan menggambarkan sifat-sifatnya. (1896)
• Eksperimen tabung sinar kathoda Joseph John Thomson (menemukan elektron dan muatan negatifnya) (1897)
• Eksperimen tetesan-minyak Robert Millikan, yang mengusulkan bahwa muatan listrik terjadi sebagai quanta. (1909)
• Heike Kamerlingh Onnes mendemonstrasikan superkonduktivitas (1911)
• Eksperimen foil emas Ernest Rutherford menunjukkan bahwa muatan positif dan massa sebuah atom terkonsentrasi dalam sebuah inti atom yang kecil dan berada di tengah, tidak menyetujui model plum pudding dari atom yang terkenal saat itu (1911)

Plate produced by Arthur Eddington of the 1919 eclipse.

• Arthur Eddington leads an expedition to the island of Principe to observe a total solar eclipse (gravitational lensing). This allows for an observation of the bending of starlight under gravity, a prediction of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. It was confirmed (although it was later shown that the margin of error was as great as the observed bending)/ (1919)
• Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach conduct the Stern-Gerlach experiment, which demonstrates particle spin (1920)
• Enrico Fermi membelah atom (1934)
• John Bardeen dan Walter Brittain fabricate the first working transistor (1947)
• Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines confirm the existence of the neutrino in the neutrino experiment (1955)
• The Scout rocket experiment confirms the time dilation effect of gravity. (1976)
• Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann report the production of excess heat from a table-top cold fusion experiment (1989)
• Eric A. Cornell and Carl E. Wieman synthesize Bose-Einstein condensate (1995)

Psychology

• Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs and classical conditioning (1900s)
• John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conduct the Little Albert experiment showing evidence of classical conditioning (1920)
• Solomon Asch's conformity experiments shows how group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion (1951)
• B.F. Skinner's demonstrations of operant conditioning (1930s - 1960s)
• Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys and wire and cloth surrogate mothers (1957-1974)
• Stanley Milgram's experiments on human obedience (1963)
• Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment (1971)
• Allan and Beatrice Gardner' attempts to teach American Sign Language to the chimpanzee Washoe (1970s)
• Martin Seligman studies learned helplessness in dogs (1970s)
• Rosenhan experiment (1972)
• Kansas City preventive patrol experiment (1972-1973)
• Elizabeth Loftus' and John C. Palmer's car crash experiment shows that leading questions can produce false memories (1974)

Economics and Political Science

• Negative Income Tax experiments
• Axelrod's Prisoner's Dilemma Tournament
• Tennessee STAR Class Size Experiment