George S. Patton
George Smith Patton Jr. (11 November 1885 – 21 Desember 1945) adalah seorang jenderal Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia II. Dalam 36 tahun kariernya di angkatan darat, Ia menjadi Kadet Ajudan di West Point, menjadi juara lima Modern Pentathlon pada Olimpiade musim panas 1912 di Swedia, lulus Sekolah Kavaleri di Prancis pada 1912 dan 1913, dijadwalkan untuk ikut dalam Olimpiade musim panas 1916 yang seharusnya diadakan di Berlin, menjadi pendukung peperangan lapis baja, dan mengkomandani pasukan di Afrika Utara, Sisilia, dan Eropa. Patton terkenal sebagai pejuang murni yang tak kenal ampun dan ganas, dan diberi julukan "Old Blood and Guts" (Darah dan Jeroan Tua), nama yang muncul setelah seorang wartawan salah mengutip dia mengatakan "it takes blood and brains to win a war". Sejarah mencatatnya sebagai pemimpin militer yang brilian, yang juga sering tidak patuh dan kadang-kadang tidak stabil.
Awal kehidupan
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George Smith Patton Jr. lahir pada tanggal 11 November 1885,[1][2] di Los Angeles pinggiran kota San Gabriel, California, kepada George Smith Patton Sr. dan istrinya Ruth Wilson, putri Benjamin Davis Wilson. Patton memiliki seorang adik perempuan, Anne, yang dijuluki "Nita."[3]
Sejak kecil, Patton mengalami kesulitan belajar membaca dan menulis, tetapi akhirnya mengatasi ini dan dikenal di masa dewasanya sebagai pembaca yang rajin.[Note 1] Dia dibimbing dari rumah sampai usia sebelas tahun, ketika dia terdaftar di Stephen Clark's School for Boys, sebuah sekolah swasta di Pasadena, selama enam tahun. Patton digambarkan sebagai anak yang cerdas dan banyak dibaca di sejarah militer klasik, khususnya eksploitasi Hannibal, Scipio Africanus, Julius Caesar, Joan of Arc, dan Napoleon Bonaparte, serta teman keluarga John Singleton Mosby, yang sering mampir ke rumah keluarga Patton ketika George masih kecil.[3] Dia juga seorang penunggang kuda yang setia.[4]
Patton menikahi Beatrice Banning Ayer, putri industrialis Boston Frederick Ayer, pada 26 Mei 1910, di Beverly Farms, Massachusetts. Mereka dikaruniai tiga anak, Beatrice Smith (lahir Maret 1911), Ruth Ellen (lahir Februari 1915), dan George Patton IV (lahir Desember 1923).[5] Istri Patton, Beatrice, meninggal pada 30 September 1953 karena aneurisma yang pecah[6] setelah jatuh saat menunggang kudanya dalam perburuan dengan saudara laki-lakinya dan yang lainnya di Myopia Hunt Club di South Hamilton, Massachusetts.[7]
Patton never seriously considered a career other than the military.[4] At the age of seventeen he sought an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He applied to several universities with Reserve Officer's Training Corps programs, and was accepted to Princeton College, but eventually decided on Virginia Military Institute (VMI), which his father and grandfather had attended.[8] He attended the school from 1903 to 1904 and, though he struggled with reading and writing, performed exceptionally in uniform and appearance inspection as well as military drill. While he was at VMI, a senator from California nominated him for West Point.[9] He was an initiate of the Beta Commission of Kappa Alpha Order.[10]
In his plebe (first) year at West Point, Patton adjusted easily to the routine. However, his academic performance was so poor that he was forced to repeat his first year after failing mathematics.[11] He excelled at military drills though his academic performance remained average. He was cadet sergeant major during his junior year, and the cadet adjutant his senior year. He also joined the football team, but he injured his arm and stopped playing on several occasions. Instead he tried out for the sword team and track and field and specialized in the modern pentathlon.[12] He competed in this sport in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and he finished in fifth place—right behind four Swedes.[13]
Patton graduated number 46 out of 103 cadets at West Point on June 11, 1909,[14] and received a commission as a second lieutenant in the Cavalry branch of the United States Army.[15][16]
Leluhur
The Patton family was of Irish, Scots-Irish, English, Scottish, French and Welsh ancestry. His great-grandmother came from an aristocratic Welsh family, descended from many Welsh lords of Glamorgan,[4] which had an extensive military background. Patton believed he had former lives as a soldier and took pride in mystical ties with his ancestors.[17][18][19][20] Though not directly descended from George Washington, Patton traced some of his English colonial roots to George Washington's great-grandfather.[21] He was also descended from England's King Edward I through Edward's son Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent.[21] Family belief held the Pattons were descended from sixteen barons who had signed Magna Carta.[21] Patton believed in reincarnation, stating that he had fought in previous battles and wars before his time, additionally, his ancestry was very important to him, forming a central part of his personal identity.[22] The first Patton in America was Robert Patton, born in Ayr, Scotland. He emigrated to Culpeper, Virginia, from Glasgow, in either 1769 or 1770.[23] His paternal grandfather was George Smith Patton, who commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry under Jubal Early in the Civil War and was killed in the Third Battle of Winchester, while his great-uncle Waller T. Patton was killed in Pickett's Charge during the Battle of Gettysburg. Patton also descended from Hugh Mercer, who had been killed in the Battle of Princeton during the American Revolution. Patton's father, who graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), became a lawyer and later the district attorney of Los Angeles County. Patton's maternal grandfather was Benjamin Davis Wilson, a merchant who had been the second Mayor of Los Angeles. His father was a wealthy rancher and lawyer who owned a keseribu-ekar (400 ha) ranch near Pasadena, California.[24][25] Patton is also a descendant of French Huguenot Louis DuBois.[26][27]
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- ^ D'Este 1995, hlm. 29.
- ^ Brighton 2009, hlm. 17.
- ^ a b c Axelrod 2006, hlm. 11–12.
- ^ a b c Axelrod 2006, hlm. 13.
- ^ Axelrod 2006, hlm. 28, 35, 65–66.
- ^ The Button Box
- ^ Key West Times
- ^ Axelrod 2006, hlm. 14–15.
- ^ Blumenson 1972, hlm. 92.
- ^ "distinguished-achievement-award/george-s-patton-jr". kappaalphaorder.org. Diakses tanggal September 26, 2018.
- ^ Zaloga 2010, hlm. 7.
- ^ Axelrod 2006, hlm. 20–23.
- ^ Brighton 2009, hlm. 19.
- ^ "v1909 15". digital-library.usma.edu (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-11-17.
- ^ Axelrod 2006, hlm. 24.
- ^ D'Este 1995, hlm. 58, 131.
- ^ Army Times (1967). Warrior; the story of General George S. Patton. Putnam. hlm. 15.
- ^ Michael Keane (2014). George S. Patton: Blood, Guts, and Prayer. Regnery. hlm. 84. ISBN 978-1-62157-298-5.
- ^ Willard Sterne Randall; Nancy Nahra (2014). Great Leaders: George Patton. New Word City. hlm. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-61230-622-3.
- ^ Jonathan W. Jordan (2011). Brothers, Rivals, Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley and the Partnership that Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe. Penguin. hlm. 252. ISBN 978-1-101-47524-9.
- ^ a b c Rice 2004, hlm. 32.
- ^ 21st Century Patton: Strategic Insights for the Modern Era edited by J. Furman Daniel III, p. 61.
- ^ D'Este 1995, hlm. 9.
- ^ Essame (November 10, 2008). Patton. Da Capo. hlm. 2. ISBN 978-0-7867-4305-6.
- ^ Zaloga 2010, hlm. 6.
- ^ Bennett, Abram Elting. Huguenots migration: descendants' contributions to America. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1984. Page 109.
- ^ Patton, Robert H. The Pattons: A Personal History of an American Family. 1994, pages 3–5.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "Note", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="Note"/> yang berkaitan