Notasi
Asal-usul prefiks ar- berasal dari singkatan dari notasi fungsi hiperbolik yang serupa (seperti, arsinh dan arcosh) berdasarkan ISO 80000-2 . Prefiks arc- yang berasal dari fungsi hiperbolik yang serupa (seperti, arcsinh dan arccosh) juga seringkali dipakai berdasarkan penamaan fungsi invers trigonometri . Namun sayangnya, pemakaian kedua prefiks tersebut keliru sebab prefiks arc merupakan singkatan dari arcus , sedangkan prefiks ar merupakan singkatan dari area (bahasa Indonesia : luas, daerah ). Karena itu, fungsi hiperbolik secara tidak langsung dikaitkan dengan busur.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
Notasi seperti sinh−1 (x ) , cosh−1 (x ) , dst. juga dipakai sebagai penggantinya.[ 4] [ 5] [ 6] [ 7] Namun sayangnya, superskrip −1 membingungkan para pembaca karena dapat diartikan sebagai perpangkatan atau fungsi invers (sebagai contoh, bandingkan cosh−1 (x ) dengan cosh(x )−1 ).
Definisi fungsi invers hiperbolik dalam logaritma
Rumus penambahan
arsinh
u
±
arsinh
v
=
arsinh
(
u
1
+
v
2
±
v
1
+
u
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} u\pm \operatorname {arsinh} v=\operatorname {arsinh} \left(u{\sqrt {1+v^{2}}}\pm v{\sqrt {1+u^{2}}}\right)}
arcosh
u
±
arcosh
v
=
arcosh
(
u
v
±
(
u
2
−
1
)
(
v
2
−
1
)
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcosh} u\pm \operatorname {arcosh} v=\operatorname {arcosh} \left(uv\pm {\sqrt {(u^{2}-1)(v^{2}-1)}}\right)}
artanh
u
±
artanh
v
=
artanh
(
u
±
v
1
±
u
v
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u\pm \operatorname {artanh} v=\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {u\pm v}{1\pm uv}}\right)}
arcoth
u
±
arcoth
v
=
arcoth
(
1
±
u
v
u
±
v
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcoth} u\pm \operatorname {arcoth} v=\operatorname {arcoth} \left({\frac {1\pm uv}{u\pm v}}\right)}
arsinh
u
+
arcosh
v
=
arsinh
(
u
v
+
(
1
+
u
2
)
(
v
2
−
1
)
)
=
arcosh
(
v
1
+
u
2
+
u
v
2
−
1
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsinh} u+\operatorname {arcosh} v&=\operatorname {arsinh} \left(uv+{\sqrt {(1+u^{2})(v^{2}-1)}}\right)\\&=\operatorname {arcosh} \left(v{\sqrt {1+u^{2}}}+u{\sqrt {v^{2}-1}}\right)\end{aligned}}}
Identitas lainnya
2
arcosh
x
=
arcosh
(
2
x
2
−
1
)
for
x
≥
1
4
arcosh
x
=
arcosh
(
8
x
4
−
8
x
2
+
1
)
for
x
≥
1
2
arsinh
x
=
arcosh
(
2
x
2
+
1
)
for
x
≥
0
4
arsinh
x
=
arcosh
(
8
x
4
+
8
x
2
+
1
)
for
x
≥
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}2\operatorname {arcosh} x&=\operatorname {arcosh} (2x^{2}-1)&\quad {\hbox{ for }}x\geq 1\\4\operatorname {arcosh} x&=\operatorname {arcosh} (8x^{4}-8x^{2}+1)&\quad {\hbox{ for }}x\geq 1\\2\operatorname {arsinh} x&=\operatorname {arcosh} (2x^{2}+1)&\quad {\hbox{ for }}x\geq 0\\4\operatorname {arsinh} x&=\operatorname {arcosh} (8x^{4}+8x^{2}+1)&\quad {\hbox{ for }}x\geq 0\end{aligned}}}
ln
(
x
)
=
arcosh
(
x
2
+
1
2
x
)
=
arsinh
(
x
2
−
1
2
x
)
=
artanh
(
x
2
−
1
x
2
+
1
)
{\displaystyle \ln(x)=\operatorname {arcosh} \left({\frac {x^{2}+1}{2x}}\right)=\operatorname {arsinh} \left({\frac {x^{2}-1}{2x}}\right)=\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {x^{2}-1}{x^{2}+1}}\right)}
Komposisi dari fungsi hiperbolik dan fungsi hiperbolik invers
sinh
(
arcosh
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
untuk
|
x
|
>
1
sinh
(
artanh
x
)
=
x
1
−
x
2
untuk
−
1
<
x
<
1
cosh
(
arsinh
x
)
=
1
+
x
2
cosh
(
artanh
x
)
=
1
1
−
x
2
untuk
−
1
<
x
<
1
tanh
(
arsinh
x
)
=
x
1
+
x
2
tanh
(
arcosh
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
x
untuk
|
x
|
>
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\sinh(\operatorname {arcosh} x)={\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\quad {\text{untuk}}\quad |x|>1\\&\sinh(\operatorname {artanh} x)={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\quad {\text{untuk}}\quad -1<x<1\\&\cosh(\operatorname {arsinh} x)={\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}\\&\cosh(\operatorname {artanh} x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\quad {\text{untuk}}\quad -1<x<1\\&\tanh(\operatorname {arsinh} x)={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}\\&\tanh(\operatorname {arcosh} x)={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}\quad {\text{untuk}}\quad |x|>1\end{aligned}}}
Komposisi dari fungsi invers hiperbolik dan fungsi trigonometri
arsinh
(
tan
α
)
=
artanh
(
sin
α
)
=
ln
(
1
+
sin
α
cos
α
)
=
±
arcosh
(
1
cos
α
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} \left(\tan \alpha \right)=\operatorname {artanh} \left(\sin \alpha \right)=\ln \left({\frac {1+\sin \alpha }{\cos \alpha }}\right)=\pm \operatorname {arcosh} \left({\frac {1}{\cos \alpha }}\right)}
ln
(
|
tan
α
|
)
=
−
artanh
(
cos
2
α
)
{\displaystyle \ln \left(\left|\tan \alpha \right|\right)=-\operatorname {artanh} \left(\cos 2\alpha \right)}
[ 8]
Konversi
ln
x
=
artanh
(
x
2
−
1
x
2
+
1
)
=
arsinh
(
x
2
−
1
2
x
)
=
±
arcosh
(
x
2
+
1
2
x
)
{\displaystyle \ln x=\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {x^{2}-1}{x^{2}+1}}\right)=\operatorname {arsinh} \left({\frac {x^{2}-1}{2x}}\right)=\pm \operatorname {arcosh} \left({\frac {x^{2}+1}{2x}}\right)}
artanh
x
=
arsinh
(
x
1
−
x
2
)
=
±
arcosh
(
1
1
−
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} x=\operatorname {arsinh} \left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\right)=\pm \operatorname {arcosh} \left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\right)}
arsinh
x
=
artanh
(
x
1
+
x
2
)
=
±
arcosh
(
1
+
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} x=\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}\right)=\pm \operatorname {arcosh} \left({\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}\right)}
arcosh
x
=
|
arsinh
(
x
2
−
1
)
|
=
|
artanh
(
x
2
−
1
x
)
|
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcosh} x=\left|\operatorname {arsinh} \left({\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right)\right|=\left|\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}\right)\right|}
Turunan
d
d
x
arsinh
x
=
1
x
2
+
1
,
untuk semua bilangan real
x
d
d
x
arcosh
x
=
1
x
2
−
1
,
untuk semua bilangan real
x
>
1
d
d
x
artanh
x
=
1
1
−
x
2
,
untuk semua bilangan real
|
x
|
<
1
d
d
x
arcoth
x
=
1
1
−
x
2
,
untuk semua bilangan real
|
x
|
>
1
d
d
x
arsech
x
=
−
1
x
1
−
x
2
,
untuk semua bilangan real
x
∈
(
0
,
1
)
d
d
x
arcsch
x
=
−
1
|
x
|
1
+
x
2
,
untuk semua bilangan real
x
, kecuali
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arsinh} x&{}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}},{\text{ untuk semua bilangan real }}x\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcosh} x&{}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}},{\text{ untuk semua bilangan real }}x>1\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {artanh} x&{}={\frac {1}{1-x^{2}}},{\text{ untuk semua bilangan real }}|x|<1\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcoth} x&{}={\frac {1}{1-x^{2}}},{\text{ untuk semua bilangan real }}|x|>1\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arsech} x&{}={\frac {-1}{x{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}},{\text{ untuk semua bilangan real }}x\in (0,1)\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcsch} x&{}={\frac {-1}{|x|{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}},{\text{ untuk semua bilangan real }}x{\text{, kecuali }}0\\\end{aligned}}}
Sebagai contoh, misalkan
θ
=
arsinh
x
{\displaystyle \theta =\operatorname {arsinh} x}
, maka
d
arsinh
x
d
x
=
d
θ
d
sinh
θ
=
1
cosh
θ
=
1
1
+
sinh
2
θ
=
1
1
+
x
2
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d\,\operatorname {arsinh} x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\sinh \theta }}={\frac {1}{\cosh \theta }}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\sinh ^{2}\theta }}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}.}
dengan
sinh
2
θ
=
(
sinh
θ
)
2
{\displaystyle \sinh ^{2}\theta =(\sinh \theta )^{2}}
.
Ekspansi deret
Ekspansi deret dapat diperoleh untuk fungsi-fungsi di atas:
arsinh
x
=
x
−
(
1
2
)
x
3
3
+
(
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
)
x
5
5
−
(
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
)
x
7
7
±
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
)
!
2
2
n
(
n
!
)
2
)
x
2
n
+
1
2
n
+
1
,
|
x
|
<
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsinh} x&=x-\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{5}}{5}}-\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{7}}{7}}\pm \cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(-1)^{n}(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{2n+1}}{2n+1}},\qquad \left|x\right|<1\end{aligned}}}
arcosh
x
=
ln
(
2
x
)
−
(
(
1
2
)
x
−
2
2
+
(
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
)
x
−
4
4
+
(
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
)
x
−
6
6
+
⋯
)
=
ln
(
2
x
)
−
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
(
2
n
)
!
2
2
n
(
n
!
)
2
)
x
−
2
n
2
n
,
|
x
|
>
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcosh} x&=\ln(2x)-\left(\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{-2}}{2}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{-4}}{4}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{-6}}{6}}+\cdots \right)\\&=\ln(2x)-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{-2n}}{2n}},\qquad \left|x\right|>1\end{aligned}}}
artanh
x
=
x
+
x
3
3
+
x
5
5
+
x
7
7
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
x
2
n
+
1
2
n
+
1
,
|
x
|
<
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {artanh} x&=x+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {x^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{2n+1}}{2n+1}},\qquad \left|x\right|<1\end{aligned}}}
arcsch
x
=
arsinh
1
x
=
x
−
1
−
(
1
2
)
x
−
3
3
+
(
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
)
x
−
5
5
−
(
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
)
x
−
7
7
±
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
)
!
2
2
n
(
n
!
)
2
)
x
−
(
2
n
+
1
)
2
n
+
1
,
|
x
|
>
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcsch} x=\operatorname {arsinh} {\frac {1}{x}}&=x^{-1}-\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{-3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{-5}}{5}}-\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{-7}}{7}}\pm \cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(-1)^{n}(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{-(2n+1)}}{2n+1}},\qquad \left|x\right|>1\end{aligned}}}
arsech
x
=
arcosh
1
x
=
ln
2
x
−
(
(
1
2
)
x
2
2
+
(
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
)
x
4
4
+
(
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
)
x
6
6
+
⋯
)
=
ln
2
x
−
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
(
2
n
)
!
2
2
n
(
n
!
)
2
)
x
2
n
2
n
,
0
<
x
≤
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsech} x=\operatorname {arcosh} {\frac {1}{x}}&=\ln {\frac {2}{x}}-\left(\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{4}}{4}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{6}}{6}}+\cdots \right)\\&=\ln {\frac {2}{x}}-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{2n}}{2n}},\qquad 0<x\leq 1\end{aligned}}}
arcoth
x
=
artanh
1
x
=
x
−
1
+
x
−
3
3
+
x
−
5
5
+
x
−
7
7
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
x
−
(
2
n
+
1
)
2
n
+
1
,
|
x
|
>
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcoth} x=\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{x}}&=x^{-1}+{\frac {x^{-3}}{3}}+{\frac {x^{-5}}{5}}+{\frac {x^{-7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{-(2n+1)}}{2n+1}},\qquad \left|x\right|>1\end{aligned}}}
Ekspansi asimtotik untuk fungsi
arsinh
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} x}
dinyatakan dengan
arsinh
x
=
ln
(
2
x
)
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
2
n
(
2
n
)
!
!
1
x
2
n
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} x=\ln(2x)+\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }{\left({-1}\right)^{n-1}{\frac {\left({2n-1}\right)!!}{2n\left({2n}\right)!!}}}{\frac {1}{x^{2n}}}}
Referensi
^ As stated by Jan Gullberg , Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers (New York: W. W. Norton & Company , 1997), ISBN 0-393-04002-X , p. 539:Another form of notation, arcsinh x , arccosh x , etc., is a practice to be condemned as these functions have nothing whatever to do with arc , but with ar ea, as is demonstrated by their full Latin names,
arsinh area sinus hyperbolicus
arcosh area cosinus hyperbolicus, etc.
^ As stated by Eberhard Zeidler , Wolfgang Hackbusch and Hans Rudolf Schwarz, translated by Bruce Hunt, Oxford Users' Guide to Mathematics (Oxford: Oxford University Press , 2004), ISBN 0-19-850763-1 , Section 0.2.13: "The inverse hyperbolic functions", p. 68: "The Latin names for the inverse hyperbolic functions are area sinus hyperbolicus, area cosinus hyperbolicus, area tangens hyperbolicus and area cotangens hyperbolicus (of x ). ..." This aforesaid reference uses the notations arsinh, arcosh, artanh, and arcoth for the respective inverse hyperbolic functions.
^ As stated by Ilja N. Bronshtein , Konstantin A. Semendyayev , Gerhard Musiol and Heiner Mühlig, Handbook of Mathematics (Berlin: Springer-Verlag , 5th ed., 2007), ISBN 3-540-72121-5 , DOI :10.1007/978-3-540-72122-2 , Section 2.10: "Area Functions", p. 91:The area functions are the inverse functions of the hyperbolic functions, i.e., the inverse hyperbolic functions . The functions sinh x , tanh x , and coth x are strictly monotone, so they have unique inverses without any restriction; the function cosh x has two monotonic intervals so we can consider two inverse functions. The name area refers to the fact that the geometric definition of the functions is the area of certain hyperbolic sectors ...
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Inverse Hyperbolic Functions" . mathworld.wolfram.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-30 .
^ "Inverse hyperbolic functions - Encyclopedia of Mathematics" . encyclopediaofmath.org . Diakses tanggal 2020-08-30 .
^ Press, WH; Teukolsky, SA; Vetterling, WT; Flannery, BP (1992). "Section 5.6. Quadratic and Cubic Equations". Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing (edisi ke-2nd). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43064-X .
^ Woodhouse, N. M. J. (2003), Special Relativity , London: Springer, hlm. 71, ISBN 1-85233-426-6
^ "Identities with inverse hyperbolic and trigonometric functions" . math stackexchange . stackexchange . Diakses tanggal 3 November 2016 .
Bibilografi
Herbert Busemann and Paul J. Kelly (1953) Projective Geometry and Projective Metrics , page 207, Academic Press .
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