Badan Keamanan Nasional
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Didirikan: | 4 November 1952 |
Direktur: | Letnan Jenderal Keith B. Alexander, dari AD AS |
Wakil direktur: | John C. Inglis |
Anggaran: | Dirahasiakan[1] |
Jumlah pegawai: | sekitar 30,000[1] |
National Security Agency(NSA, Badan Keamanan Nasional adalah sebuah agensi kriptografi milik pemerintah Amerika Serikat, didirikan oleh Presiden Harry S. Truman pada 4 November 1952. NSA bertugas untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis komunikasi negara lain, serta melindungi informasi milik Amerika Serikat. NSA mengkoordinasi, mengarahkan, serta menjalankan aktifitas-aktifitas amat istimewa bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan informasi intelijen dari luar negeri, terutama menggunakan kriptoanalisis. Selain itu, NSA melindungi komunikasi pemerintah dan sistem informasi di AS dari agensi lainnya, yang melibatkan kriptografi tingkat tinggi. NSA merupakan bagian dari Dephan AS, dan dikepalai oleh seorang direktur dari militer AS berpangkat Letnan Jenderal atau Laksamana Madya. NSA adalah komponen kunci dari Komunitas Intelijen Amerika Serikat, yang dipimpin oleh Direktur Intelijen Nasional.
Organisasi
Peran
Kegiatan-kegiatan NSA meliputi penyadapan dan pengamanan. Penyadapan NSA meliputi telepon, komunikasi internet, komunikasi radio, serta komunikasi-komunikasi lainnya yang dapat disadap. Pengamanan NSA meliputi komunikasi militer, diplomatik, serta komunikasi-komunikasi rahasia atau sensitif pemerintah. NSA merupakan organisasi yang mempekerjakan ahli matematika dan memiliki superkomputer terbanyak di dunia.[2] Namun NSA berusaha untuk tetap low profile, bahkan Pemerintah AS pernah tidak mengakui keberadaannya selama beberapa tahun. Karena itu, NSA sering dipelesetkan sebagai No Such Agency (Tidak ada agensi seperti itu), atau Never Say Anything (Jangan bilang apa-apa).
Karena tugasnya mengumpulkan informasi, termasuk informasi rahasia, maka NSA juga terlibat dalam penelitian kriptoanalisis, pemecahan sandi dan kode. Pendahulu NSA seperti Purple Code, Venona, dan JN-25 sendiri telah berhasil memecahkan banyak sandi pada Perang Dunia II.
Markas besar NSA terletak di Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, sekitar 16 km di timur laut Washington, D.C.. Anggaran yang digunakan NSA dirahasiakan oleh pemerintah AS, namun total penggunaan listrik tahunan NSA saja melebihi 31 juta dolar AS (190 miliar rupiah).[3] Pada tahun 2006, suratkabar AS Baltimore Sun melaporkan NSA berisiko memiliki terlalu banyak beban listrik, yang diakibatkan kurangnya infrastruktur listrik di Fort Meade untuk menjalankan peralatan-peralatan NSA.[4] Selain markas besar di Ft. Meade, NSA juga memiliki fasilitas-fasilitas lain seperti Pusat Kriptologi Texas di San Antonio, Texas. Since the existence of the NSA has become more widely known in the last few decades, and particularly since the 1990s, the agency has regularly been portrayed in spy fiction. Most such portrayals probably grossly exaggerate the organization's involvement in the more sensational activities of intelligence agencies. An indication of the agency's increased "fame" is its named appearance in the Bond franchise in 2002's Die Another Day; a Bond girl portrayed by Halle Berry worked for them. The NSA has been featured in many other films, television shows, books, roleplaying games and video games (See Splinter Cell).
Staff
Directors
- 1952–1956 Lt. Gen. Ralph J. Canine, USA
- 1956–1960 Lt. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF
- 1960–1962 V. Adm. Laurence H. Frost, USN
- 1962–1965 Lt. Gen. Gordon A. Blake, USAF
- 1965–1969 Lt. Gen. Marshall S. Carter, USA
- 1969–1972 V. Adm. Noel A. M. Gaylor, USN
- 1972–1973 Lt. Gen. Samuel C. Phillips, USAF
- 1973–1977 Lt. Gen. Lew Allen, Jr., USAF
- 1977–1981 V. Adm. Bobby Ray Inman, USN
- 1981–1985 Lt. Gen. Lincoln D. Faurer, USAF
- 1985–1988 Lt. Gen. William E. Odom, USA
- 1988–1992 V. Adm. William O. Studeman, USN
- 1992–1996 V. Adm. John M. McConnell, USN
- 1996–1999 Lt. Gen. Kenneth A. Minihan, USAF
- 1999–2005 Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF
- 2005–Present Lt. Gen. Keith B. Alexander, USA
USA, USAF, and USN are the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Navy, respectively.
Deputy Directors
- Dec. 1952 – Nov. 1953 R. Adm. Joseph Wenger, USN
- Nov. 1953 – June 1956 Brig. Gen. John Ackerman, USAF
- Jun. 1956 – Aug. 1956 Maj. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF
- Aug. 1956 – Sep. 1957 Mr. Joseph H. Ream
- Oct. 1957 – Jul. 1958 Dr. H. T. Engstrom
- Aug. 1958 – Apr. 1974 Dr. Louis W. Tordella, USN
- Apr. 1974 – May 1978 Mr. Benson K. Buffham
- May 1978 – Apr. 1980 Mr. Robert E. Drake
- Apr. 1980 – Jul. 1982 Ms. Ann Z. Caracristi
- Jul. 1982 – Jun. 1985 Mr. Robert E. Rich
- Jun. 1985 – Mar. 1988 Mr. Charles R. Lord
- Mar. 1988 – Jul. 1990 Mr. Gerald R. Young
- Jul. 1990 – Feb. 1994 Mr. Robert L. Prestel
- Feb. 1994 – Oct. 1997 Mr. William P. Crowell
- Oct. 1997 – June 2000 Ms. Barbara A. McNamara
- Jun. 2000 – Aug. 2006 Mr. William B. Black, Jr.
- Aug. 2006 – present Mr. John C. (Chris) Inglis
Notable cryptanalysts
NSA encryption systems
NSA is responsible for the encryption-related components in these systems:
- EKMS Electronic Key Management System
- FNBDT Future Narrow Band Digital Terminal
- Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
- KL-7 ADONIS off-line rotor encryption machine (post-WW II to 1980s)
- KW-26 ROMULUS electronic in-line teletype encryptor (1960s–1980s)
- KW-37 JASON fleet broadcast encryptor (1960s–1990s)
- KY-57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryptor
- KG-84 Dedicated Data Encryption/Decryption
- SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping
- STE secure telephone equipment
- STU-III secure telephone unit, currently being phased out by the STE
- TACLANE product line by General Dynamics
Some past NSA SIGINT activities
- VENONA project
- Gulf of Tonkin Incident
- USS Liberty incident
- USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
- KAL 007 Shootdown incident. Here are the combined U.S. Electronic Intercept and Russian Federation supplied transcripts of the shootdown in progress - [1]
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Referensi
- ^ a b (Inggris)"NSA Frequently Asked Questions". Diakses tanggal 2006-10-03.
- ^ Introduction to NSA/CSS, NSA. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
- ^ People's Daily. "Biggest intelligence agency in US". Diakses tanggal 2007-08-30.
- ^ Gorman, Siobhan. "NSA risking electrical overload". Diakses tanggal 2006-08-06.
Lihat pula
Bahan Bacaan
- Bamford, James, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, Doubleday, 2001, ISBN 0-385-49907-8.
- Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-006748-5.
- Levy, Steven, Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age — discussion of the development of non-government cryptography, including many accounts of tussles with the NSA.
- Radden Keefe, Patrick, Chatter: Dispatches from the Secret World of Global Eavesdropping, Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6034-6.
- Liston, Robert A., The Pueblo Surrender: a Covert Action by the National Security Agency, ISBN 0-87131-554-8.
- Kahn, David, The Codebreakers, 1181 pp., ISBN 0-684-83130-9. Look for the 1967 rather than the 1996 edition.
- Tully, Andrew, The Super Spies: More Secret, More Powerful than the CIA, 1969, LC 71080912.
- Bamford, James, New York Times, December 25, 2005; The Agency That Could Be Big Brother.
- Sam Adams, War of numbers Steerforth; New Ed edition (June 1, 1998)
- John Prados, The Soviet estimate: U.S. intelligence analysis & Russian military strength, hardcover, 367 pages, ISBN 0-385-27211-1, Dial Press (1982).
- Walter Laquer, A World of secrets
- Sherman Kent, Strategic Intelligence for American Public Policy
Pranala Luar
- NSA official site
- Records of the National Security Agency/Central Security Service
- Overview of the NSA and their Major Programs
- History of NSA
- The NSA charter
- "The Origins of the National Security Agency, 1940-1952" —newly declassified book-length report provided by The Memory Hole.
- "Outsourcing Intelligence"
- The National Security Archive at George Washington University
- Cryptome
- CRYPTOME.org - USSID 18 DECLASSIFIED
- Federation of American Scientist
- David Alan Jordan, Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol - Boston College Law Review, Vol. 47, 2006
- NSA Headquarters
- "FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION: It comes bundled with the software."|by Al Massey
- NSA: Bibliography|Compilation and research by Jean-Pierre H. Coumont
- New York Times NSA Phone Taps Article alternate link
- Wiretaps said to sift all overseas contacts (Boston Globe)
- Kurt Nimmo. NSA snoop story: Tell me something I don’t already know, Another Day in the Empire, December 24, 2005.
- Kevin Zeese. NSA mounted massive spy op on peace group, documents show, Raw Story, January 10, 2006.
- First person account of NSA interview and clearance
- Joanne Leyland, "American Intelligence Service Denies Eavesdropping On Princess Diana", The Royalist, 13 December, 2006. URL retrieved on January 6, 2007.
- Big Brother Is Listening